As Chinese laborers poured into the 19th century American West, many Whites saw them as an economic – and even civilizational – threat. Racist animosity, dehumanization and scapegoating precipitated the Chinese Exclusion Act, but it didn’t end there. Grassroots ethnic cleansing campaigns would terrorize Chinese up and down the West Coast, resulting in mass expulsions, violence, and sometimes, mass murder.
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