Climate Break

Introduction

Across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, two-wheeled vehicles are the backbone of everyday transportation. With roughly one billion two-wheelers on the road globally, their collective carbon footprint is enormous. Briz, a brand developed by Hong Kong-based One Energy (HK) Limited, is tackling this head-on with affordable electric two-wheelers paired with a rapid battery-swapping service that makes going electric cheaper than filling a tank.

Background

Two-wheelers dominate personal mobility across the Global South for one simple reason: cost. Cars remain out of reach for hundreds of millions of people, making motorcycles and scooters the primary mode of getting to work, school, and the market. They also power much of the last-mile delivery economy such as food, parcels, and pharmaceuticals in dense urban environments across Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since most of these vehicles run on gasoline, they collectively represent a significant and often overlooked source of global CO₂ emissions.

Briz electric two-wheelers are designed to be price-competitive with their gas-powered equivalents from the outset. Rather than relying on home charging, which requires a stable power supply, time, and upfront infrastructure, Briz customers subscribe to a battery-swapping service. When the battery runs low, riders visit a nearby swap station, slide out the depleted battery, and click in a fully charged one. The company says the swap takes under a minute. Critically, the monthly cost of the swapping service is designed to be lower than what a rider would typically spend on gasoline, lowering the financial barrier to switching.

One of the most persistent obstacles to electric vehicle adoption in emerging markets is charging time. Early Briz models required up to five hours to recharge, a dealbreaker for riders who depend on their vehicles for daily income, but the battery-swap model sidesteps this entirely. It also removes battery degradation. Since customers are subscribing to a service rather than owning a battery outright, the often steep cost of battery replacement falls on the operator, not the individual rider.

Advantages

By targeting a vehicle category that has historically been overlooked in the electrification conversation, Briz has the potential to generate outsized climate impact. Electrifying even a fraction of the world's one billion two-wheelers, especially in regions where electricity grids are increasingly powered by renewables, could deliver meaningful reductions in transport emissions. The business model is also structured to work for people with lower and irregular incomes: the subscription pricing removes large upfront costs, and the swap infrastructure means riders aren't dependent on owning or accessing home charging equipment.

Drawbacks and Critiques

The battery-swap model works well in cities and dense corridors with swap station coverage, however it creates real limitations for long-distance travel. Riders venturing beyond the swap network face the same range anxiety that affects all battery electric vehicles. Expanding station infrastructure into rural and peri-urban areas will be essential and expensive if the model is to reach its full potential.

Safety is another concern. Battery swap stations concentrate large numbers of lithium-ion cells in a single location, creating a fire risk. One Energy says its stations are equipped with automatic fire-extinguishing systems designed to respond to any battery fire before it can spread, but the risk is worth monitoring as the network scales.

Kevin To's Perspective

Kevin To, CEO of One Energy (HK) Limited, brings the operator's view to the challenge of electrifying the world's most common vehicle. His company's approach of supplying affordable hardware, subscription-based battery access, and a focus on markets where two-wheelers are a necessity rather than a lifestyle choice reflects a pragmatic bet that climate solutions need to make economic sense for the people adopting them, not just for investors or policymakers.

About Kevin To

Kevin To is the CEO of One Energy (HK) Limited, the parent company behind the Briz brand of light electric vehicles. Based in Hong Kong, he leads the company's efforts to bring affordable, battery-swappable electric two-wheelers to mass markets across Asia and beyond.

Further Reading

Briz LEV — Official website

IEA: Global EV Outlook — Two- and Three-Wheelers

Bloomberg NEF: Electric Vehicle Outlook

For a transcript, please visit climatebreak.org/electric-two-wheelers-with-kevin-to/

Impacts of Air Transportation on Climate Change

Air transportation is a major contributor to the fossil fuel economy: studies have shown that aviation is responsible for 3.5 percent of all drivers of climate change from human activities. Planes use immense amounts of kerosene—a flammable liquid used as fuel—in order to travel. When kerosene burns, it releases greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and black carbon. Also, planes create contrails: “line-shaped clouds produced by an airplane’s hot engine exhaust interacting with cold humid air several miles above the Earth’s surface.” These are the lines of white you see behind a plane as it flies overhead: small water particles from the plane’s engine exhaust that have frozen to become visible ice crystals. Because these are essentially clouds, when they persist past a short period of time, they have the potential to trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to a warming effect with many negative climate change consequences.

Advanced Air Mobility as a Climate Solution

In order to combat these negative effects of air travel—and to keep up with increasing demand for shorter distance air travel—researchers have begun looking toward opportunities for low emission options that can be more widely applied. This concept has been coined Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), and seeks to develop transportation technologies which are: “highly automated, electrically powered, and have vertical take-off and landing capability.” One main goal of the project is to develop Urban Air Mobility (UAM) in order to connect underserved communities within cities and rural regions.

Ideally, Advanced Air Mobility will be an environmental improvement because it will use cleaner forms of energy to fuel the transportation, from electricity to hydrogen. According to Adam Cohen of UC Berkeley’s Transportation Sustainability Research Center, there are several different potential uses for the cleaner energy technology, including air taxi services, small package delivery, emergency services, or aeromedical use cases. Airports in particular are confronting a lot of demands for power—both in terms of aviation and ground vehicles—which electric fueled AAM may be able to help fulfill. In terms of hydrogen power, Cohen says manufacturers are testing and have prototypes for a hydrogen aircraft in the hopes that hydrogen will be an entry point for more sustainable flight in the future.

Challenges of Implementation

AAM is still in its early stages of development, and has yet to be implemented in a real way. In order for this to occur, its innovators need to place safety and integration at the forefront, ensuring passenger and cargo safety, as well as minimal disruption to current air traffic pathways. Further, it will be necessary to ensure some level of equitable access in terms of both convenience and cost across groups of people. Ultimately, AAM hopes to be a step in the direction toward clean energy in the aviation sector, encouraging policies and technologies in line with sustainable goals.

About our guest

Adam Cohen is a transportation thought leader, consultant, and shared mobility researcher at the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley. Since joining the group in 2004, his research has focused on innovative urban mobility solutions, including shared mobility, smart cities technologies, smartphone apps, urban air mobility, and other emerging technologies.

Resources

Federal Aviation Administration: Advanced Air Mobility

National Business Aviation Association: Advanced Air Mobility

NASA: Advanced Air Mobility

For a transcript of this episode, please visit https://climatebreak.org/advanced-air-mobility-with-adam-cohen

Introduction to the Solution

UC Davis researchers are examining a novel approach to combating climate change: turning our buildings into carbon sinks. The solution is based on incorporating biochar, a carbon-rich material obtained from plant material, into common construction materials like concrete, brick, and asphalt. By embedding carbon directly into long-lasting infrastructure, this approach reduces atmospheric CO₂ and also transforms one of the most carbon-intensive industries in the world into a tool for climate mitigation.

Background: How Carbon Storage in Building Materials Works

Biochar is created through pyrolysis, a process involving heating organic material, such as crop residues or wood waste, in a low-oxygen environment. This process locks in carbon that plants absorb during photosynthesis and prevents it from being re-released into the atmosphere through decay or burning.

The research team at UC Davis, headed by Professor Sabbie Miller and Dr. Elisabeth Van Roijen, proposes the use of biochar as a partial replacement for the materials in concrete and other construction compounds. Since more than 20 billion tons of concrete are produced every year by the construction sector, substituting 10% of that with biochar-based mixtures could store up to 1 gigaton of CO₂ annually, or the equivalent yearly emissions from Japan.

Unlike temporary carbon storage methods, like soil burial, embedding biochar in durable infrastructure ensures long-term sequestration, potentially spanning decades or even centuries. It also leverages the global scale of construction as a medium for climate action.

Advantages of This Solution

Apart from net carbon emissions reduction, the introduction of biochar-enriched building materials has tangible engineering benefits. It has been found that the addition of biochar can enhance thermal insulation, fire resistance, and durability in some uses. The process also fits well within the circular economy principles because of the organic waste used and reduced need for virgin materials.

Because construction is already a high-volume, resource-intensive industry, integrating biochar into existing supply chains could make climate-positive practices scalable and economically viable without requiring dramatic infrastructure overhauls. Equally important, this solution provides dual benefits: supporting both carbon sequestration and the development of sustainable materials.

Drawbacks and Critiques

The approach faces several scientific and logistical obstacles despite such a promising premise. Producing biochar requires energy in quite significant quantities, with sourcing biomass at large scales risking unforeseen ecological impacts such as nutrient depletion or habitat disruption. Some critics even ask whether its broad adoption might inadvertently encourage the removal of older buildings in favor of the construction of newer, carbon-storing ones, offsetting any climate gains.

Another factor is the life cycle of the biochar-infused materials themselves. While they can store carbon for decades, it remains undetermined how these materials at the end of a building's life are to be managed to avoid re-release of CO₂. Future policy frameworks and recycling technologies will be required to address these challenges if there is to be long-term effectiveness.

About the Guest

Dr. Sabbie Miller is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UC Davis. Her research focuses on sustainable infrastructure materials, life-cycle assessment, and reducing the environmental footprint of the construction industry.

Further Reading

UC Davis News: Storing Carbon in Buildings Could Help Address Climate Change

Nature Geoscience: Carbon Sequestration Using Biochar

Science Magazine: Building Materials as Carbon Sinks

ScienceDirect: Alternative Sequestration Options in Construction Materials

For a transcript, please visit https://climatebreak.org/sequestering-carbon-in-building-materials-with-dr-sabbie-miller/

What does a zero-emission vehicle really mean?

Clean transportation policies promoting sustainability have progressed over the years and have become even more important, both because transportation represents the largest portion of greenhouse gas emissions and because climate change has been accelerating at unprecedented rates. The public is likely more familiar with zero-emission cars, but zero-emission trucks are also becoming an integral part of mitigating climate and other environmental impacts.

Transportation-based pollution

The transportation industry as a whole has been the biggest source of greenhouse gasses over the time period since the Industrial Revolution. Impacts of emissions associated with transportation include harm to the environment as well as to human health. Trucks and other heavy-duty vehicles constitute six percent of the on-road fleet but produce up to 26 percent of transportation-based greenhouse gas emissions along with a plethora of pollutants that can cause various types of cancer, asthma, and other respiratory challenges. Diesel-fueled trucks and other large vehicles can also cause noise pollution and take an out-sized toll on road infrastructure. 

Benefits of Zero-Emission Trucking

Zero-emission trucking can help reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of other pollutants into the environment. By one estimate, US regions could save $735 billion in public health benefits due to cleaner air and result in 1.75 million fewer asthma attacks. The Inflation Reduction Act provides incentives for the manufacturing and purchasing of zero-emission trucks. People who buy zero-emission vehicles, for example, can receive significant tax breaks, subsidies, and even discounts on road tolls. Moreover, it is common for zero-emission trucks to be exempt from vehicle dimensions and weight restrictions

Drawbacks of Clean Trucks

Although zero-emission trucks–battery electric trucks and hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks–as a whole have a lot of advantages, they still face significant challenges. For example, clean trucks may still be ill-suited for the range demanded of long-haul applications. Even with IRA incentives, clean trucks can be two and a half to three times more expensive than the diesel equivalent, although the cost of fuel and maintenance is likely less. Battery electric trucks can take up to four times longer than their diesel equivalent to charge. And even though hydrogen-operated trucks are more efficient than battery electric trucks, the US currently lacks the necessary hydrogen infrastructure to make them truly feasible. 

In addition, hydrogen trucks, when fully charged, have a range that is about 500 miles and battery electric… [about] 180 to 250. By comparison, a diesel truck running a full load can have a range of roughly 1000 to 1200 miles. Because the sustainable alternatives are heavier, they actually would end up carrying less and more trucks would be needed to do the same amount of work as a single diesel-powered truck could, increasing operational costs and decreasing efficiency.

Aronin and Zero-Emission Mobility

Ruben Aronin is working to pave a path towards zero-emission mobility in the United States (especially California) with his team at Better World Group. They have worked to support multiple policies, including the Advanced Clean Truck Rule which is a significant part of California’s zero-emission truck policy. That rule mandates that manufacturers–provided with four years of lead time–increase electric truck vehicle sales every year from 2025. Additionally, it promotes a 100% sales requirement of zero-emission trucks by 2036. 

Mr. Aronin believes that the Advanced Clean Truck Rule along with another policy, called the Advanced Clean Fleet Rule, will enable the quickest transitions to zero-emission trucks, particularly in the most pollution-burdened communities. His coalition includes the Teamsters and others to help ensure labor and environmental justice support. He also recognizes that it is often economically difficult or unfeasible for companies and individuals to purchase zero-emission trucks. To this end, tax credits and investments from the federal IRA and IAJ are essential. As the market grows, Mr. Aronin says that the price of the electric truck components and batteries are decreasing at a rapid pace.

Who is Ruben Aronin?

Ruben Aronin, current principal of The Better World Group, acts to advance clean transportation policies. He joined the BWG in 2012 and currently helps to lead BWG’s advanced transportation project work. Aronin has previously created and implemented effective environmental policy initiatives to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy in over a dozen states across the country (including California). 

Resources

American Lung Association, Delivering Clean Air: Health Benefits of Zero-Emission Trucks

McKinsey, Preparing the world for zero-emission trucks

FleetOwner, Future of zero-emission trucks: Challenges and promises ahead

Further Reading

MotorBiscuit, Are Pickup Trucks Really That Bad for the Environment?

Tachyon, Environmental impact of trucks and sustainability practices

McKinsey, How batteries drive the zero-emission truck transition

For a transcript, please visit https://climatebreak.org/clean-trucks-with-ruben-aronin/.

About the Air Filters

Aurabeat is a medically patented air filter technology that has proven to reduce up to 99.9% of COVID-19 bacteria from the air. This was heavily deployed in some of the most infectious environments akin to COVID-19 hospitals and quarantine facilities, where more than 500 air purifier units were placed. It was also used in over a 100 schools, hospitals, retail outlets, and major shopping centers in places like Hong Kong to aid in the reopening of public facilities during pandemic times. 

Background

Aurabeat manages to sterilize air up to “3.4 times in one hour” in an extremely efficient manner while remaining quite portable and accessible to everyone. Most air filtration technologies are employed through means of direct installation, which not only takes time to deploy, but also comes with other costs. For example, systems like HVAC consume large amounts of electricity which “can lead to increased carbon emissions unless the energy comes from renewable sources” (Mechanics Depot). 

Advantages of this solution

Additionally, the production of air filters requires heavy transportation along with the extraction of resources from the earth which can deplete the environment. Moreover, after air filters are installed, they “need to be replaced regularly” and because they are usually not biodegradable or recyclable, this adds to landfill burden. Aurabeat deftly handles a lot of these challenges, making it an environmentally friendly alternative with medical grade benefits. 

Drawbacks

While it may be an extremely energy efficient alternative, the noise that the purifier makes can be disturbing to some users. Additionally, Aurabeat has some other air purifying competitors that may have larger coverage. 

Guest’s take on the solution

Mr. Philip Yuen emphasizes that although Aurabeat's energy efficient building air filters which utilize acoustic soundwaves to filter air may seem to be a costly investment, they save money in the long run due to improved efficiency. Additionally, they help the climate by providing a significant 15-30% reduction in energy consumption.

About our guest

Phil Yuen has been the CEO of Aurabeat for over 5 years, leading the company through the pandemic to help building owners better protect their occupants from risk of COVID 19 infection. He achieved his M.S. in Computer Science and Engineering from Cornell University. 

For a transcript, please visit climatebreak.org/energy-efficient-building-air-filters-with-phil-yuen/