Climate Break

Introduction to solution

Green banks “provide financing and technical assistance for clean energy and climate solutions” while driving “economic, health, and environmental benefits for communities across the country” (US Green Bank 50). They attempt to spend, save, and invest people’s money conscientiously so they “can grow [their] money while making the world a better place” (GreenFi). 

Background

The fossil fuel industry is the primary driver of our climate crisis, creating an imperative to implement reductions of greenhouse gas as soon as possible to minimize the potential for catastrophic impacts. Unfortunately, traditional banks have exacerbated this problem; specifically, they have “financed fossil fuels by $7.9 trillion dollars since the Paris Agreement,” enabling the building of new oil and gas pipelines, large-scale equipment purchases, and more oil and gas explorations to expand their businesses (Rainforest Action Network). 

Advantages of Climate-Friendly Banks

Green banks pledge to never fund projects involving fossil fuels. Many also donate a percentage of the monthly amount that customers pay to “non-profits that support climate action” while providing transparency about the carbon footprints of their funded businesses (GreenFi). Some “optimistic studies even estimate that [this] divestment [of resources]… can lead to an effective reduction in carbon footprint of up to 7%” (Mieux Donner).

Drawbacks of this Solution

However, critics argue that the impact of divestment is not equal to the carbon impact of the investment: “under the current system, divested funds can be quickly replaced by other investors, which limits the direct effect on the behaviour of companies and their CO2 emissions” (Mieux Donner). Companies can also adjust their financial strategies to offset the impact of divestment, which limits its effect on their emissions. Specifically, while green banking is well-intentioned, staying with a conventional bank may allow customers to save more money, which they could then donate to high-impact environmental nonprofits.

Guest’s take

Charley Cummings, the CEO of a climate-friendly bank known as Walden Mutual, emphasizes how the largest funders of fossil fuel companies are banks in the United States. He encourages listeners to switch to greener banks that divest their funds towards sustainability while remaining as reliable as traditional banks.

About our guest

Charley Cummings is the CEO of Walden Mutual Bank, which solely invests their holdings in local sustainable companies.

Resources

BusinessGreen, ‘Historic bid for greener banking': 21 universities threaten to switch billions of pounds to 'green' banks

Greenfi, Greenfi

Mieux Donner, A critical analysis of green neo-banks: greenwashing or effective leverage?

Rainforest Action Network, Banks fossil fuel finance totals $869 billion in 2024, a dramatic increase in financing

Ran, Banks Fossil Fuel Financing

U.S. Green Bank 50, The U.S. Green Bank 50

Further Reading

Edie, Timeline: What’s Included in the IEA’s new Net-Zero Roadmap for energy? 

Financial Times, Cambridge-led coalition of universities threatens banks over fossil-fuel financing

US EPA, Green Banks

For a transcript, please visit climatebreak.org. For a transcript please visit climatebreak.org/climate-friendly-banking-with-charley-cummings/

Introduction to Solution

Traditional drilling for crude oil contributes an immense amount of pollution to the Earth’s atmosphere. A study conducted by Stanford University in 2018 found that “on average, oil production emitted 10.3 grams of emissions for every megajoule of crude.” In 2022, 11.89 thousand barrels of crude oil were produced in 2022—or around 69 million megajoules. This oil is used, in part, to fuel aviation, which overall, as of 2018, contributed to 2.5 percent of all carbon emissions. Further, aviation has broader climate change implications due to the release of “contrails, NOx, water vapor, sulfate aerosol gases, soot, and other aerosols.” While this is a relatively small amount compared to other contributors—such as ground vehicles—airlines have attempted to combat their contributions to the climate crisis through integrating more sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) into their oil supply. SAF is fuel made from sources including corn grain, algae, agricultural and forestry residues, solid waste and dedicated energy crops. It has been found to have “fewer aromatic components than kerosene”—the typical jet fuel—which allows them to reduce emissions of contributors other than CO2. 

Recently, the used cooking oil from restaurants has become another valuable source for airlines to find SAF. In May 2022, Dallas-Fort Worth airport partnered with Neste, an oil refining company, to collect the oil used in onsite restaurants—including 5 McDonald’s locations—to convert used fry oil to airline fuel. Neste’s subsidiary, Mahoney Environmental, takes the used up oil from restaurants to convert the oil. It currently collects from 90,000 businesses in the United States, and is one of hundreds of companies that collect oil from various restaurants around the globe. In 2023, the first transatlantic commercial flight fueled 100 percent by SAF traveled from London’s Heathrow airport to New York’s JFK airport. 

According to the Washington Post, the cooking oil moves through an intense process to convert it into aviation fuel; first, the grease is maintained at 140º during transit to keep its liquid consistency. Then, Neste uses a clay substance to strip out unwanted chemicals, including “sodium left over from salty foods, phosphorus and various metals.” A catalyst removes the oxygen molecules, and the “straight hydrocarbon chains are bent into spiky, irregular branches that won’t stack up and lump themselves into a solid, even at very low temperatures.”

While SAF and used cooking oil help with minimizing emissions of certain fossil fuels and particles, they do not minimize emissions of CO2. Also, critics have accused SAF in airline emissions as being a greenwashing scheme, arguing that the crops used to create SAF would be better put to use by growing food. Finally, according to the World Economic Forum, “sustainable aviation fuel currently costs around four times as much as conventional jet fuel,” resulting in low incentive to replace traditional fuel production pathways with SAF. 

According to Dr. Colin Murphy, our guest for this week, policy pathways and airline incentives can encourage SAF usage.

About our guest

Dr. Colin Murphy is the Deputy Director of the Policy Institute for Energy, Environment, and the Economy, and co-director of the ITS-Davis Low Carbon Fuel Policy Research Initiative. He helps guide research and outreach on issues relating to transportation, energy, air quality, and carbon markets, with a primary focus on sustainable fuel policies like California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard.

Resources

Stanford study finds stark differences in the carbon-intensity of global oil fields, StanfordReport

It’s the wealthy frequent fliers who have the biggest carbon stamp from air travel—especially those jet-setting around on private craft, Sierra Club

Aviation is responsible for 3.5 percent of climate change, study finds, NOAA Research

An Airbus powered by cooking oil: Is sustainable aviation fuel the future of aviation?, Weforum

These Airport McDonald’s Recycle Fry Oil into Jet Fuel – Here’s How, MacDonalds Corporate

From restaurant kitchens to commercial jets: The greasy trail of used cooking oil, Washington Post

How much oil is produced in the US?, USAFacts

Barrels of Oil to Megajoules, UnitJuggler

For a transcript, please visit climatebreak.org/used-cooking-oil-for-aviation-fuel/

About Green Silicon Valley

Green Silicon (GSV) Valley is a nonprofit organization founded and led by Wilcox High School students Ayush Garg, Dev Shah and Abhi Tenneti that aims to make environmental education more accessible and personal, while also training future climate leaders on climate education. GSV seeks to realize its mission by creating hands-on kits for elementary and middle schoolers to learn about climate phenomena and solutions, and sending high school students to present classes and sessions. Through this process, they are able to spread climate education to younger generations, while also helping high school students learn how to communicate about climate issues. This helps prepare future generations of climate leaders, as well as instilling an early understanding of the importance of climate work.

According to co-founder Ayush Garg, the project arose from the business club when Garg, Shah, and Tenneti were awarded a $5,000 grant from Silicon Valley Power which allowed them to conduct six presentations at Peterson Middle School (Green Energy Futures). Each presentation includes hands-on activities such as building wind turbine models, creating water filtration systems, and running erosion experiments to help depict different climate topics. According to GSV, they have managed to reach 680 students so far across 12 partner schools in 4 different countries (Green Silicon Valley). Shah says that GSV is seeking to expand its reach to more high school chapters and partner elementary schools across the Bay Area. 

As GSV grows, it will likely run into issues with obtaining sufficient funding to carry out its goals. According to Shah, “It's gonna be a lot harder to fund international and national presentations. That's definitely the hardest part right now, where we have the volunteers, we have the teachers, we have the students, but we just need the funding for the kids.” Further, the project has run into some issues making its way into classrooms, with conflicting schedules and curriculum. GSV is accepting donations, volunteer and intern applicants, and presentation requests in order to continue expanding.

About our guest

Dev Shah is a co-founder of Green Silicon Valley, alongside Ayush Garg and Abhi Tenneti. He is a student at Adrian Wilcox High School in Santa Clara, California. 

Resources

Three Students Launch Green Silicon Valley to take Climate Education to 100 Countries, Green Energy Futures

Impact, Green Silicon Valley

For a transcript of this episode, please visit climatebreak.org/green-silicon-valley/

Introduction to the Solution

Methane is one of the most powerful drivers of near-term global warming, and also one of the fastest opportunities to slow it down. In this episode of Climate Break, we explore how a global network of states and provinces is working together to reduce methane emissions through shared knowledge, technical assistance, and peer learning. Ethan Elkind speaks with Shivani Shukla, a methane research fellow at UC Berkeley, about the Subnational Methane Action Coalition (SMAC) and how subnational governments can play an outsized role in addressing this urgent climate pollutant.

 

Why Methane Matters

Methane is a colorless, odorless gas responsible for nearly one-third of current global warming. Over a 20-year period, methane traps roughly 80 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide. Its climate impact is further amplified by the way it contributes to the formation of tropospheric ozone and adds water vapor to the stratosphere, increasing its overall warming effect.

Unlike carbon dioxide, methane comes from a relatively limited set of sources. Major contributors include landfills and wastewater facilities, agriculture (particularly livestock digestion and rice cultivation), and fossil fuel systems such as oil, gas, and coal operations. Because these sources are concentrated and well understood, methane reductions are often technically feasible and cost-effective, especially when captured methane can be repurposed as fuel.

 

The Subnational Methane Action Coalition (SMAC)

Launched at COP28 in 2023, the Subnational Methane Action Coalition is a global network of state and provincial governments working to reduce methane emissions. SMAC began with 15 founding members, spearheaded by California, and has since expanded to include dozens of subnational governments and observers worldwide.

SMAC is supported by researchers at UC Berkeley’s Center for Law, Energy & the Environment, which provides participating governments with technical assistance on methane inventories, policy design, and action planning. The coalition also connects members with experts, data partners, and peer jurisdictions that have implemented successful methane reduction strategies.

Climate policy is often designed and implemented at the national level, but states and provinces frequently have direct jurisdiction over major methane sources, including waste management, agriculture, and energy infrastructure. Subnational governments are therefore uniquely positioned to pilot solutions that can later be scaled nationally or replicated elsewhere.

Through SMAC’s peer network, members can share lessons learned, adapt policies to their regional contexts, and avoid duplicating efforts. A state that has developed an effective approach to reducing agricultural methane, for example, can share that model with other regions facing similar challenges.

 

Upsides to SMAC

One of SMAC’s key strengths is its emphasis on capacity-building. Many subnational governments (particularly those with limited resources) lack the technical expertise or staffing needed to design and implement methane mitigation programs. SMAC addresses this gap by offering tailored technical support, expert-led webinars, and communities of practice focused on specific methane sources.

Methane mitigation also offers strong near-term climate benefits. Because methane dissipates from the atmosphere more quickly than carbon dioxide, reducing emissions can slow warming almost immediately. In many cases, methane solutions are relatively low-cost and non-repetitive, involving infrastructure upgrades or operational changes rather than ongoing behavioral shifts by individuals.

 

Challenges in SMAC

Despite its promise, SMAC faces several challenges. Political turnover can disrupt momentum, as changes in leadership may shift climate priorities or reduce ambition. Sustained funding is another barrier, particularly for jurisdictions that need upfront investment to implement methane reduction technologies.

There is also an important broader critique: focusing heavily on methane should not come at the expense of long-term carbon dioxide reductions. While methane mitigation is a powerful short-term strategy, CO₂ remains in the atmosphere far longer and continues to drive warming over centuries. SMAC does not frame methane reduction as a replacement for CO₂ action, but rather as a complementary strategy within a broader climate portfolio.

 

Shukla’s Take

Shivani Shukla emphasizes that SMAC is fundamentally about collaboration and shared learning. By connecting subnational governments across regions and sectors, the coalition helps members overcome technical and capacity constraints while fostering leadership on methane mitigation. She also highlights the global nature of methane pollution and the importance of cross-border cooperation to address it effectively.

 

About Our Guest

Shivani Shukla is a Research Fellow in the Project Climate program at UC Berkeley Law's Center for Law, Energy and the Environment (CLEE). Shivani co-leads the Subnational Methane Action Coalition, where she focuses on climate and environmental policies, particularly on methane and natural resources at the subnational level. Prior to joining CLEE, Shivani was a two-time EDF Climate Corps Fellow and conducted interdisciplinary climate policy research across academia, private and public sectors in the U.S.A., Ireland and India. Shivani graduated from the MPP program at the University of Chicago and a Masters in Applied Economics from University College Dublin. She is currently based in New York.

 

Resources

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Overview of Methane Emissions

International Energy Agency, Methane Tracker

Climate TRACE, Global Methane Emissions Data Platform

Carbon Mapper, Satellite-Based Methane Detection and Analysis

Encouraging Growth

Native seed restoration aims to restore degraded ecosystems that sequester carbon, such as wetlands and riverbanks. Restoration increases climate resilience by re-establishing native plants adapted to local conditions, making landscapes more resistant to drought or fire, and strengthening overall ecosystem stability by increasing biodiversity. Heritage Growers is a California-based non-profit that has taken on this challenge, helping restore more than 20,000 acres of natural habitat statewide since its founding.

Diving Deeper

Heritage Growers was born from another habitat restoration project, River Partners. As River Partners grew, employees realized that the company was not always able to obtain “regionally appropriate” seeds for restoration projects, and, thus, Heritage Growers was created to fill this gap and help River Partners obtain seeds. Heritage Growers operates out of a 160-acre farm in Colusa, where plants are cultivated to “amplify” their genetic suitability to local conditions. Additionally, all seeds are of “known genetic origin,” meaning that Heritage Growers know where the seeds came from, and can ensure that they are locally-adapted and grown in California.

Heritage Growers’ process is labor and time intensive. The seeds often cannot be grown immediately or in bulk, so “seed specialists travel to scout the land for native seeds,” collecting part of what they find in the wild (Haas). The seeds are cleaned by hand, and tested in labs to determine quality. Finally, they can be grown under precise conditions, and harvested at the perfect time. Some seeds must be hand-picked, while others, like milkweed favored by monarch butterflies, can be over $1,000 per pound to produce.

One of Heritage Growers’ most significant achievements includes the “cultivation of 40,000 plants and 1,500 pounds of locally-adapted seeds for the historic Klamath River restoration.” For this specific restoration strategy, Heritage Growers planted the Klamath River banks with milkweed and other pollinator plants to promote biodiversity after “the largest dam removal project in US history.” 

Benefits

Native plants are vital to ecosystems because among many things, “they provide nectar for pollinators including hummingbirds, native bees, butterflies, moths, and bats” (Audubon). Additionally, the flora is a shelter for many types of fauna, while also acting as an important food source for them (Audubon). On top of this, native plants require much less water to plant and maintain than their exotic successors, which are often unsuited to the climate conditions in a given area. 

Heritage Growers also collaborates with Native Californian communities, who have centuries-long histories of tending the land. The company works to integrate traditional ecological knowledge into their land cultivation efforts. Recently, it has worked with the Yurok tribe in Northern California to ensure the primary plant growth on a restored riverbank was native plants, not weeds. Heritage Growers also says that, unlike other companies that heavily guard genetic information, the non-profit is part of an effort to expand access to native plant information to encourage an increase in native seed restoration.

Potential Issues

One issue with the process that Heritage Growers employs is that the recultivation of plants is extremely time intensive, sometimes taking years to obtain the correct quality and quantity. Additionally, native seeds are expensive to obtain even before cultivation works to increase the supply. and it is likely that climate-related variables like droughts, heat waves, and invasive species can affect the growth of the seeds. On top of this, there is limited infrastructure to produce enough native seeds at scale. Specifically, “the rising demand for seeds far outpaces the available supply” and there is simply not “enough wildland seed available to restore the land at the rate that the state has set out to” (The Guardian).

Reynold’s Take on the Future of Native Seed Restoration

Reynolds emphasizes the importance of native plants in helping landscapes become more resilient to extreme weather conditions, benefit our food systems, and sequester carbon. He suggests that individuals support this initiative by planting native species in their own backyards as opposed to exotic plants. 

About our guest

Mr. Pat Reynolds, Heritage Grower’s General Manager, is a restoration ecologist who has more than 30 years of experience leading efforts that promote habitat restoration. Mr. Reynolds is also the Director of River Partners’ Native Seed and Plant Program. He sits on the board of the California Native Grasslands Association, the Yolo County Planning Commission, and is the Restoration Ecologist on the Science and Technical Advisory Committee for the Yolo County Habitat Agency.

Resources/Citation

Audubon, Why Native Plants Matter

Heritage Growers, Our Experts

Northern California Water, Heritage Growers And The Revival Of California's Native Habitats

Dani Anguiano (The Guardian), Meet the seed collector restoring California’s landscapes - one tiny plant at a time 

Michaela Haas (Reasons to Be Cheerful), The Native Seed Farm Safeguarding California’s Future

For a transcript, please visit https://climatebreak.org/native-seed-restoration-with-patrick-reynolds/