More or Less

Witches and witchcraft have captivated people for centuries. From the curse tablets of Ancient Greece to the witch of Wookey Hole, belief in magic has long been woven into human culture.
But accusations of witchcraft have also had deadly consequences. Across Europe, tens of thousands of people were investigated, prosecuted and executed during the witch trials that swept the continent peaking during the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
One statistic is repeated again and again: that nine million people were killed during the witch trials. But where does that figure come from, and does the historical evidence support it?
In this episode, we speak to historian Dr Jan Machielsen about the reality behind this claim, exploring what the numbers can tell us about this dark chapter in European history.
If you have a story you'd like us to investigate, please contact moreorless@bbc.co.uk.
Presenter/Producer: Lizzy McNeill
Series Producer: Tom Colls
Editor: Richard Vadon
Production Co-ordinator: Maria Ogundele
Sound Mix: James Beard

Terence Tao is widely celebrated as the world’s greatest living mathematician.
He was doing university-level maths at the age of 9, won Gold at the International Mathematical Olympiad at 13 - still the youngest person to have done that - and got his PHD at age 20.
At 31 he won the Fields Medal - somewhat equivalent to a Nobel Prize for pure mathematics. He has now embarked on what some might consider the greatest challenge of his life - he’s written a book for a general audience, called Six Maths Essentials.
This provided the opportunity for Tim to interview Professor Tao.
They talked about maths, and the relevance of his kind of abstract maths on everyday life. And they also talked about AI. OpenAI recently released full or partial solutions to 372 unsolved mathematical problems, which has raised existential questions about Tao’s profession. Professor Tao says the disruption in his field might make it “the canary in the coal mine” for the disruption AI is going to create across our way of life.
Credits:
Presenter: Tim Harford
Series Producer: Tom Colls
Production Co-ordinator: Maria Ogundele
Sound Mix: James Beard
Editor: Richard Vadon

Last week, Ukraine launched drone attacks against three data centres owned by Russian tech giant Yandex. After these attacks Yandex announced that they were struggling to maintain their services.
This led to widespread claims that Russian disinformation campaign on social media had been affected, as users produced graphs that they argued showed a dramatic decline in suspicious online activity by bots.
The claim was even made by the Ukrainian President, Volodymyr Zelenksy, saying there was “less hate” online as a result of the strikes.
But as the dust settled, it became clear that this wasn’t the simple success story many people hoped it would be.
We speak to Shayan Sardarizadeh from BBC Verify and Amil Khan, the co-founder and CEO of Valent.
If you’ve seen a number, or a graph, that you think we should look at, email the team: moreorless@bbc.co.uk
Credits:
Presenter: Lizzy McNeill
Producer: Nathan Gower
Series Producer: Tom Colls
Production Co-ordinator: Maria Ogundele
Sound Mix: James Beard
Editor: Richard Vadon

Tim Harford investigates some of the numbers in the news. This week:
(00:40) First Minister John Swinney has claimed that Scottish pensioners are set to lose £2000, with the money going to fund English social care. We gently suggest he might like to consider the existence of the Barnett formula, and explain that, when you do, the picture looks very different.
(06:08 ) The Liberal Democrats have dug out data on maternity injuries that they claim is ‘a shocking indictment of our NHS maternity services’. We explore flaws in their analysis and ask an expert what a better source of data tells us about maternal healthcare.
(13:20) Professor Terence Tao is good at maths. Extremely good at maths. We ask him how he feels about AI being better at maths than him.
(15:49) Great news! The UK is reducing its deficit at the fastest rate of any G7 nation. Except we’re not. Ah, shame. But we are planning to! Fantastic! But we’ve got reason to be sceptical of these plans. That’s a pity. Join the FT’s Chris Giles on the economic and emotional rollercoaster that is the UK’s fiscal trajectory.
(21:14) The series reaches its intellectual zenith as we ask what would happen if you ‘put the whole of the country into baked beans’. Expect back of the tin workings, cutting edge agri-science research and true public service journalism. Just don’t ask what the nadir was.
Guests:
Dr Spencer Thompson - Senior Knowledge Exchange Fellow at the Fraser of Allander Institute
Professor Marian Knight - Director of the National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit at the University of Oxford
Chris Giles - Economics Commentator at the Financial Times
Professor Terence Tao - Professor of Mathematics at UCLA
Presenter: Tim Harford
Series Producer: Tom Colls
Reporters: Nathan Gower and Lizzy McNeill
Editor: Richard Vadon
Programme Coordinator: Maria Ogundele
Sound Engineer: James Beard

A viral video circulating online claims the population of China is actually a billion people lower than the UN and China say.
A billion is big number, you'd think the Chinese would notice if that many were missing - and the claim is certainly false.
However, as the team dug into the stats, a strange story emerged - which suggests the official data on births and fertility may not be quite as reliable as you might think.
We spoke to demographer Professor Sabu Padmadas from the University of Southampton to find out more.
If you spot a story you'd like us to dig into contact us at moreorless@bbc.co.uk
Presenter: Tim Harford
Reporter: Lizzy McNeill
Series Producer: Tom Colls
Editor: Richard Vadon
Sound Mix: James Beard