Changing Rein

What happens when you look — really look — at how dressage is judged?
In this episode of Changing Rein, PhD researcher Cristina Wilkins shares a finding that genuinely surprised us: the Dressage Judging Guidelines mention the requirement to maintain contact 37 times — and visible rein releases are penalised. The longer the release, the greater the penalty.
For anyone trained in learning theory, that's a confronting discovery. Horses learn through pressure and release. So what happens when the release never comes?
Using extraordinary high-speed photography from fine artist Crispin Johansson — capturing up to 60 frames per second during competition — Cristina and her research team have been able to examine entire dressage tests frame by frame. What they're seeing raises important questions about the gap between what we say good training looks like and what the rules actually reward.
This conversation also explores how equipment like tight nosebands and even artificial foaming agents can mask signs of horse discomfort, and also introduces the concept of hypersensitisation - a possible explanation for why horses continue to perform even without the release that ethical training principles require.
This isn't about blame. It's about looking more closely at what's happening and asking whether the rules we ride by match the welfare outcomes we all want.
Guest: Cristina Wilkins — PhD candidate (University of New England), equitation science researcher, and co-author of multiple peer-reviewed papers on horse welfare.
Hosts: Dr Karen Luke & Meta Osborne

In this episode, we're joined by Cristina Wilkins to explore some fascinating - and important - questions emerging from elite equestrian sport. Drawing on her recent article in Horses and People magazine, Cristina walks us through the revised FEI blood rule in show jumping and what it signals about the direction of welfare policy at the top level. From there, we get curious about what new photographic evidence is revealing: that some elite riders may not be releasing rein pressure the way classical training principles suggest they should. So what does that mean for the horse? And could it help explain why we're seeing signs of hypersensitisation in the mouth and flanks? Cristina helps us connect the dots between training technique, sensory experience, and competitive performance - and asks the kind of questions that can help all of us become more thoughtful horsemen and women.

Cristina Wilkins
Cristina Wilkins is a PhD candidate at the University of New England (UNE), Australia, researching the One Welfare outcomes of human-horse interactions. Her work in exploring how equipment-related pressures affect equine welfare led to an invited presentation to the FEI Veterinary Committee earlier this year. Cristina collaborates with leading welfare scientists on practical tools for assessment, including the Mellorater app, and she developed UNE’s online course Applying the Five Domains Model to the Welfare Assessment of Sport and Recreation Horses. A former international eventing competitor, coach, official, and long-time editor of Horses and People magazine, Cristina combines academic research with deep industry experience. Her science communication and advocacy have supported welfare initiatives across equestrian and racing organisations. She served on the ISES Council (2011–2019) and is a co-author of The 2020 Five Domains Model: Including Human–Animal Interactions in Assessments of Animal Welfare. Cristina lives in Queensland, Australia.

The Innate Health Assessment tool developed by Prof Dan O'Neill and a team from the Royal Veterinary College has been described as revolutionary. In a podcast dedicated to the sustainability of horse sport from a welfare perspective, why are we talking about flat-faced dogs? Because we humans do things to and with animals in our lives that are not always in the animals' best interests, and breeding dogs for extreme conformation is one of those things. The IHA is designed to encourage responsible breeding of dogs so that future generations can lead full and happy lives, free from pain and discomfort.

Dr Dan O’Neill
Professor of Companion Animal Epidemiology, RVC
MVB BSc(Hons) GPCert(SAP) GPCert(FelP) GPCert(Derm) GPCert(B&PS) PGCertVetEd FHEA MSc(VetEpi) PhD FRCVS
Following 22 years in general (mainly small animal) veterinary practice, Dan moved across to academia in 2009 to gain a PhD at the RVC developing VetCompass to harness the power of veterinary clinical records to understand companion animal health at scale.
 
He has remained at the RVC and co-leads the VetCompass™ Programme. With over 185 peer-reviewed papers, he also co-authored the books ‘Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats’ and ‘Health and Welfare of Brachycephalic (Flat-faced) Companion Animals’. He is a founding member of the UK Brachycephalic Working Group, the UK Legal Advisory Group on Extreme Conformation in Dogs and the International Collaborative on Extreme Conformation in Dogs.
 
Dan was awarded a Fellowship of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in 2018, the BSAVA Blaine Award for Advancement of Small Animal Science in 2019, the International Canine Health Award from the Kennel Club Charitable Trust in 2021, the UK All Party Parliamentary Group ‘Phillippa Robinson Dog Welfare Award’ in 2024 and the RCVS Impact Award in 2025. 
 
 In this conversation, Dan O'Neill discusses his journey from general veterinary practice to academia, highlighting the impact of the 'Pedigree Dogs Exposed' documentary on his career pivot. He introduces Vet Compass, a research initiative aimed at improving animal health through data collection and analysis and the provision of evidence-based support for veterinary practices. The discussion delves into the challenges of traditional veterinary practices, the importance of evidence-based medicine, and the role of human perceptions in animal welfare. O'Neill emphasizes the need for a shift in thinking towards innate health in animals, advocating for a more humane approach to breeding and care.
 
NOTE: The original Pedigree Dogs Exposed BBC documentary from 2008 that was the lightbulb moment for Dan is no longer available but its follow-up Pedigree Dogs Exposed: Three Years On is available on Prime Video.

Lucinda Creighton truly bridges two worlds - a former member of the Irish Parliament and a Government Minister with responsibility for European affairs, she also served on the board of Horse Sport Ireland, the governing body for equestrian sport in Ireland.

Lucinda grew up in Co Mayo, Ireland as a self-professed 'pony-mad kid'. In this episode we discuss her journey into public service, the dynamics of power and her experiences in the Irish Parliament (Dáil) and government. The conversation explores the importance of building relationships in any type of governance and the connection between politics and the horse industry. We also discuss the evolution of education in horse welfare, and the challenges faced by governing bodies like Horse Sport Ireland. The episode emphasizes the need for respect and engagement with the horse industry's stakeholders, the impact of corporate governance, and the significance of animal welfare as a political concern. Lucinda expresses her wish for better governance that values the voices of those who care for horses, highlighting the importance of community involvement and awareness in the equestrian world.

This episode kicks off our new season of Changing Rein, in which we hope to step back and take a ‘big picture’ look at how welfare policy happens in equestrian sport, and what are the challenges and opportunities in making a better life for horses in sport.

Our first guest is Prof Natalie Waran.
 
Nat is an internationally acclaimed animal behaviour and welfare scientist, educator and opinion leader. She was previously Professor of Animal Welfare, the Jeanne Marchig Animal Welfare Education Centre Director andInternational Dean at Edinburgh University’s Veterinary School, before she moved back to NZ in 2016 to take up the role of Professor of One Welfare and Executive Dean at EIT where she was based for 7 years. She was until recentlyDirector of a new ‘A Good Life for Animals Centre’ – a Research and Human Behaviour Change initiative in New Zealand. She is now full-time in her role as Director of NavigateWelfare, an international animal welfare consultancy,whilst maintaining her academic work as a Hon Professor at Edinburgh, Hartpury, and Charles Sturt Universities. 
 
Over the past 30+ years, she has researched and published across a range of species, but her special interest is in equine welfare and she has worked on a variety of topics including; horse transport, indicators of equine stress andpain, equine problem behaviour, equine quality of life and welfare assessment as well as editing a book ‘The Welfare of Horses’ published by Springer. Her most recent research collaborations involves colleagues in Australia, UK,Brazil, UK, Sweden and Denmark, all with the central objective of developing methods and understanding about positive horse welfare. She has been a trustee for a number of international equine charities including; The Brooke (workingequids) and International Fund for Animal Welfare and works closely with others such as World Horse Welfare. A co-founder of the International Society for Equitation Science (ISES), she is now Honorary Fellow and former Trustee forthe organisation. 
 
She has a track record of organising numerous conferences and workshops to bring researchers and practitioners together to share information to advance animal welfare, and in particular to promote positive human behaviour change. The first workshop to develop the field of equitation science was held in 2004whilst she was at Edinburgh University, she then organised the 2012 ISES conference in Edinburgh when she returned to the vet school, and in 2024 she chaired the local organising committee for the ISES conference held in NZ with the theme of ‘A Good Life for Horses’. As the invited chairperson of the FEI Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission, she led the development of an ambitious report proposing a new ‘Good Life’ Vision, Charter and 30 Recommendations toaddress critical issues related to the involvement of horses in sport, and in 2024, she co-authored a white paper (Good Equine Welfare) for Eurogroup for Animal Welfare. 
 
In 2025 she was awarded an OBE for her services to equine welfare, research and education. 
 
When at home in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand , Nat enjoys training and riding her own horses, coaching young riders and trying to teach her naughty donkeys and Pickles the (very) feral goat, new tricks.