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Lots of places sell or advertise collagen supplements, but what are the benefits of taking them on a daily basis? A new scientific review by a team from Anglia Ruskin University, published in the Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum, has looked into exactly this, and here's what it found.
很多地方都销售或宣传胶原蛋白补充剂，但每天服用胶原蛋白究竟有哪些益处？安格利亚鲁斯金大学的一个团队在《美容外科杂志开放论坛》上发表了一项研究，针对这个问题进行了深入探讨，以下是其研究发现。

Let's start with the basics. What is collagen? Well, it's a type of protein found naturally in the body. It supports and strengthens the skin, nails, bone and connective tissues. But the amount the body makes drops with age.
首先从最基本的概念说起。胶原蛋白是什么？它是一种天然存在于体内的蛋白质。胶原蛋白支撑并加固皮肤、指甲、骨骼和结缔组织。但其合成速度随着年龄增长而下降。

The team behind this review assessed the results of 113 trials involving nearly 8,000 people, and say it brings together the strongest evidence to dateon collagen supplements. They say it shows the pills orpowderscan offer some realskin-rejuvenatinggains. Taken daily, the protein can improveskin toneorelasticityandmoisture, but it doesn't appear to prevent other signs of ageing, such aswrinkles. The researchers also say supplements can boost collagen levels to easejoint painandstiffnessfromwear-and-tear arthritis.
该研究团队评估了涉及 8000 人的 113 个试验结果，并表示这是迄今为止对胶原蛋白补充剂的效果最强有力的证据。研究指出，服用胶原蛋白片或胶原蛋白粉确实能带来一定的 “焕肤” 功效。坚持每天服用，胶原蛋白可以改善肤色、弹性和水分，但似乎无法预防其它老化痕迹，比如皱纹。研究人员还表示，这些补充剂可以提升胶原蛋白水平，从而缓解由磨损性关节炎导致的关节疼痛与僵硬。

Experts say consumers should be cautious about bold anti-ageing claims and weigh up the potential benefits against the price. And there are several types of supplements people can take, including marine from fish, bovine from cows and vegan collagen. The review was unable to show if any worked better than the others.
专家表示，消费者应该警惕夸张的抗衰老宣传，并权衡潜在的益处和价格。目前市面上有多种胶原蛋白补充剂可供选择，包括鱼胶原、牛胶原和纯素胶原蛋白。这篇综述尚无法证实其中哪一种的效果更好。

We all know the feeling. You have a big, difficult task to complete, but your phone is on the desk next to you, teasing you with endless distraction opportunities. What's happening on social media? What's going on in the news? Who's messaging me? This constant bombardment of information through our screens, coupled with a tendency to outsource even basic tasks to technology, might be making us unhappier and more resistant to difficult tasks. Is 'friction-maxxing' the answer?
我们都知道这种感觉。 你有一项艰巨的任务要完成，但你的手机就放在你旁边的桌子上，给你带来无尽的分心机会。 社交媒体上发生了什么？ 新闻里发生了什么？ 谁给我发消息？ 这种通过屏幕不断轰炸的信息，加上甚至将基本任务外包给技术的趋势，可能会让我们更加不快乐，并且更加抵制困难的任务。 “最大摩擦力”是答案吗？

Humans like to choosethe path of least resistance to conserve energy, but actually, tasks that require more effort often feel more meaningful. Friction-maxxing is a new trend which aims to rebuild our tolerance for inconvenience. In a basic sense, this involves adding more 'friction' to tasks so that they require more time, effort or patience, which, in theory, leads to greater feelings of satisfaction and reward. A series of experiments carried out in 2012 by researchers Norton, Mochon and Ariely found that when people built their own furniture, they had a greater sense of their own competence and pride in their creations.
人类喜欢选择阻力最小的路径来节省能量，但实际上，需要付出更多努力的任务往往感觉更有意义。 最大摩擦是一种新趋势，旨在重建我们对不便的容忍度。 从基本意义上讲，这涉及给任务增加更多的“摩擦”，从而需要更多的时间、精力或耐心，从理论上讲，这会带来更大的满足感和奖励感。 2012 年，研究人员 Norton、Mochon 和 Ariely 进行了一系列实验，结果发现，当人们自己制作家具时，他们对自己的能力和创作的自豪感会更强。

Our brains operate on a 'use it or lose it' principle, says Gloria Mark, psychologist and author of book 'Attention Span'. To keep new brain neurons alive, we must keep using them by continuing to do effortful tasks. If we rely too much on technology, we risk weakening our mental skills. Many of us use GPS apps to direct us around a city, but overusing these apps appears to be reducing our natural sense of direction, according to a study published in the Scientific Reports journal by Dahmani and Bohbot. On the other hand, studies show that cognitively stimulating activities which require more patience, like reading, doing puzzles and learning an instrument, can preserve our brain function as we age.
心理学家、《注意力广度》一书的作者格洛丽亚·马克 (Gloria Mark) 表示，我们的大脑遵循“使用它或失去它”的原则。 为了让新的大脑神经元保持活力，我们必须通过继续完成艰苦的任务来继续使用它们。 如果我们过度依赖技术，我们的心理技能就有可能被削弱。 根据 Dahmani 和 Bohbot 在《科学报告》杂志上发表的一项研究，我们中的许多人都使用 GPS 应用程序在城市中导航，但过度使用这些应用程序似乎会降低我们自然的方向感。 另一方面，研究表明，需要更多耐心的认知刺激活动，如阅读、做谜题和学习乐器，可以随着年龄的增长保护我们的大脑功能。

Some are unconvinced by the 'friction-maxxing' trend. Psychologist and author of 'The Distracted Mind', Larry Rosen, believes it's too hard to resist the convenience technology provides. The trend doesn't hurt, says Gloria Mark. "If people are putting in effort, it makes them more intentional and thoughtful." Perhaps by taking the easy route, we're missing out on some of life's enjoyment.
有些人对“最大摩擦”趋势不相信。 心理学家、《分心的思维》一书的作者拉里·罗森认为，人们很难抗拒科技带来的便利。 格洛丽亚·马克 (Gloria Mark) 表示，这种趋势并没有什么坏处。 “如果人们付出努力，他们就会变得更加有意和周到。” 也许因为走捷径，我们会错过一些生活的乐趣。

Mornings for Khris Teri of Halo Doughnut means it's time to hand make sweet treats, with flavors such as lemon pop, cinnamon affair along with burnt salty. Everything is made from scratch.
对于光环甜甜圈店的克里斯·特里（Khris Teri）来说，早晨是手工制作美味甜点的时间，有柠檬汽水味、肉桂味以及焦盐等口味。所有产品都是从头开始制作的。

So the financial downturn helped me revisit my passion.
经济低迷期帮助我重燃激情。

Unemployed in March, this former video producer with a zeal for cooking, started making doughnuts for friends.
三月份失业后，这位热衷于烹饪的前视频制片人开始为朋友制作甜甜圈。

So one of my best friends said now Khris I think you should sell this, I think you should make this into a business.
我的一个好朋友说：克里斯，我认为你应该卖甜甜圈，你应该把这个做成生意。

Teri started out at her mother's kitchen, but quickly outgrew it. So now she rents space in a shared commercial kitchen.
特里一开始在母亲的厨房制作，但生意很快就发展壮大了。现在她在一个共享商用厨房里租了场地。

It only costs about $400 a month, and includes all the pots and pans which keeps the expenses down.
每月只需花费约400美元，而且包含所有锅碗瓢盆，这大大降低了开销。

We started it in a shared kitchen because it's low risk and it's low investment. I think it's the perfect way to start a business.
我们之所以选择在共享厨房起步，是因为它风险低且投入少。我认为这是创业的绝佳方式。

While various new businesses have different back stories, Teri's situation fits a trend that shows a rapidly growing number of micro businesses in Malaysia,
虽然各种新企业的背景不同，但特里的情况符合马来西亚微型企业数量迅速增长的趋势：

businesses that are starting up from even the garage or their house to kitchen, their home kitchen.
从车库或家庭厨房起步。

Raymond Woo of the Malaysia Retail Chain Association says, there are easily tens of thousands of micro businesses that have started up in the country since the economic downturn started in March.
马来西亚零售连锁店协会的雷蒙德·吴（Raymond Woo）表示， 自三月份经济低迷以来，该国很容易就有数万家微型企业发展起来。

The people behind them often need a low-risk way of earning income, after being laid off or forced to take a pay cut.
背后的创业者在被解雇或被迫减薪后，往往需要一种低风险的收入方式。

It could be doing marketing advisory businesses, website photography, services that they actually know as a hobby, and then moving that hobby and monetizing it.
他们可以从事营销咨询业务、网站摄影，或是将原本作为爱好的服务转化为职业，进而将这一爱好变现。

At a recent pop-up event, customers sunk their teeth into Teri's doughnuts at prices, ranging from one to two dollars each depending on the flavor.
在最近的一次活动中，顾客们狼吞虎咽地吃着特里的甜甜圈，价格从一美元到两美元不等，具体取决于口味。

One thing is the fluffiness of the doughnut and the flavor is always something out of the ordinary.
甜甜圈很松软，味道与众不同。

Halo Doughnut has not quite reached the break-even point yet.
光环甜甜圈店尚未达到收支平衡点。

But Teri expects to turn this into a profitable business within a few months.
但特里预计在几个月内将其转变为盈利业务。

She currently has one part-time kitchen worker but plans on hiring more soon.
她目前有一名兼职厨房员工，但计划很快招聘更多人手。

Nigeria is one of the top 10 most dangerous countries in the world for women.
尼日利亚是全球对女性而言最危险的10个国家之一。

The shortage of laws protecting women is compounded by poor law enforcement and traditions that force women to keep quiet about gender violence.
保护妇女的法律本就匮乏，再加上执法不力以及迫使女性对性别暴力保持沉默的传统观念，情况更是雪上加霜。

Tired of physical abuse, some Nigerian women are now taking self-defense classes.
不再忍受身体虐待，一些尼日利亚妇女现在正在上自卫课程。

It was really high opening. I liked the fact that I could I can protect myself. Yes, at least I can protect myself and if I wanted to attack, I can attack quickly. Yeah, so you went well.
开场真的很精彩。我很喜欢自己能够保护自己这一点。至少我能保护自己，而且如果我想进攻，我也能迅速出击。

In Nigeria, even in a large city like Lagos, women learning to fight for themselves face a lot of criticism.
在尼日利亚，即使是在拉各斯这样的大城市，女性学习自卫也面临很多批评。

It's strange, very, very strange to hear that a woman wants to defend herself if she finds herself in a position where she has to. Nobody is going to listen to that.
听到一个女人说如果身处不得不自卫的境地就会自卫，人们觉得非常奇怪。没人会听这种话的。

They would just tell you that you're not being submissive as a woman, you know.
他们只会告诉你，作为一个女人，你不够顺从。

They tell you that you just you've become a feminist and so because you started listening to all those things that are happening and then in Africa we don't do that.
他们告诉你，你只不过成了一名女权主义者，因为你开始关注所有正在发生的事情，而在非洲我们可不这么做。

The organisers of the self-defense course for women say breaking deep-rooted traditions is hard.
女子自卫课程的组织者说，打破根深蒂固的传统很难。

The taboo stems from the fact that societal pressures, environmental perception and also within women themselves as well,
这种禁忌源于社会压力、环境认知以及女性自身缺乏自信，

not having the self-belief that they can actually achieve and do this or what is required to become proficient at self-defense only.
她们认为自己实际上无法做到，或者不相信自己能够熟练掌握自卫所需的技能。

Only three months ago, Nigeria adopted its first National Sexual Offenders Register, setting up a database of those convicted for sexual violence since 2015.
仅三个月前，尼日利亚通过了首个《全国性犯罪者登记册》，建立了自2015年以来的性暴力罪犯数据库。

While it is a step toward clamping down on abuse, critics say many assaults go unreported because women are forced to keep quiet.
虽然这是打击虐待行为的一步，但批评人士表示，许多袭击事件未被报告，因为女性被迫保持沉默。

The self-defense course in Lagos organized by rights group Women Impacting Nigeria and a local gym is also teaching women to speak up.
由权益组织“影响尼日利亚的女性”和当地一家健身房在拉各斯组织的自卫课程，也在教导女性勇敢发声。

Everybody tells their story because here you're meeting women who have experienced the same things that you've experienced, but some people are silent about it.
每个人都在讲述自己的故事，因为在这里你会遇到和你有过相同经历的女性，但有些人对此却保持沉默。

As more and more Nigerian women work outside their homes and spend more time on the streets away from their male family members, incidents of assault against them have been increasing.
随着越来越多的尼日利亚女性走出家门工作，并在没有男性家庭成员陪伴的情况下在街头停留更长时间，针对她们的袭击事件一直在增加。

Until the authorities step in to protect women, self-defence may be the only option for many.
在当局介入保护女性之前，自卫可能是许多人的唯一选择。

Though it appears to have marched straight out of a superhero movie, the Guardian Exoskeleton is ready for work in the real world.
虽然它看起来像是直接从超级英雄电影中走出来的，但“守护者”外骨骼设备已准备好在现实世界中投入使用。

It's a wearable robot that amplifies its user's strength.
这是一款可穿戴机器人，可以增强用户的力量。

Anybody who's wearing the Guardian Exo can lift up to 200 pounds.
任何穿着“守护者”外骨骼设备的人都可以举起两百磅的重量。

It really augments your strength, your performance. You move the way you normally would move.
它确实能增强你的力量。你可以像平时一样活动。

So if you were to go to grab something to lift it, that responds to your movement and gives you that strength to do that activity.
如果你要去拿东西并把它举起来，它会响应你的动作并赋予你完成这项活动的力量。

The Exo carries all the weight and transfers it through its legs to the ground, making 90 kilos feel like only 4.5.
外骨骼承载所有重量并通过其腿部传递至地面，让90公斤感觉仅如4.5公斤。

Whether you're big, strong, small, man or woman, you can do the same task.
不管你是高大还是瘦小，也不论你是男是女，你都可以完成同样的任务。

At a recent demonstration, audience members experienced how an Exo arm gives them super strength.
在最近的一次演示中，观众亲身体验了外骨骼手臂如何赋予他们超强力量。

Strapping in takes only a few minutes and once on board, the Exoskeleton responds to the user's body movements.
穿戴只需几分钟，一旦佩戴齐全，外骨骼就会对使用者的身体动作做出反应。

So this robot is very intuitive. It follows me, does what I do, I don't have to think about it. We have something we call get out of the way control.
这个机器人非常直观。它跟着我，模仿我的动作，我都不用去想。我们有一种叫做让路控制的东西。

What this allows is any operator to jump in and actually just move the way they normally would, and the robot is constantly getting out of their way.
这样做能让任何操作人员直接上手，像平常一样自如移动，而机器人则会不断避让。

The first Exos will find work in the military and the airline and construction industries.
首批外骨骼将应用于军事、航空和建筑行业。

The second most common reason for someone in this work is package.
第二个最常见的应用行业是搬运。

They're getting injured while they're lifting heavy equipment, while they're doing repetitive tasks,
他们在搬运重型设备、进行重复性任务时会受伤，

and the Exoskeleton can take the burden from the operator through the Exoskeleton and eliminate that injury.
而外骨骼可以为操作人员减轻负担，避免受伤。

Though the Guardian Exo would be useful for chores around the home,
尽管守护者外骨骼在家务劳动中会很有用，

for now it will be going to industries that can afford the $100,000 per year rental fee.
但目前它将进入那些能负担每年10万美元租金的行业。