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You may have heard of the idiom 'once in a blue moon' to describe an event that doesn't happen often. But can the Moon really be blue? Our closest neighbour in this vast galaxy, the Moon, orbits the Earth like a natural satellite. Unlike many of the other planets in our Solar System, ours only has the one moon. If you flew to it, you would land on grey rocks. This is because the lunar surface is made from mostly magnesium, iron and other minerals of that colour. But, if you're lucky to have clear skies under the curtain of night, you may be able to admire its luminosity. You might even see that it seems to change shape and hue.您可能听说过“once in a blue Moon”这个成语，用来描述不经常发生的事件。 但月亮真的可以是蓝色的吗？ 在这个广阔的星系中，我们最近的邻居是月球，它像一颗天然卫星一样围绕地球运行。 与太阳系中的许多其他行星不同，我们的行星只有一颗卫星。 如果你飞过去，你会降落在灰色的岩石上。 这是因为月球表面主要由镁、铁和其他该颜色的矿物质组成。 但是，如果您幸运地在夜幕下拥有晴朗的天空，您也许可以欣赏到它的光度。 您甚至可能会看到它的形状和色调似乎发生了变化。

It's important to understand that the Moon reflects light from the Sun as it orbits the Earth, and that light bounces back to the Earth. The position of the Moon, Sun and the Earth determines how much of the Moon we see. The new Moon appears almost invisible in the sky as it is in total darkness. This is the opposite to the full Moon which is completely lit up. There are eight different phases to the lunar cycle between a full Moon and a new Moon, each lasting around 28 days. In fact, the word 'month' takes its root from 'Moon' because it was almost equal to the lunar phases.重要的是要了解，月球绕地球运行时会反射来自太阳的光，然后光会反射回地球。 月球、太阳和地球的位置决定了我们能看到月球的面积。 新月在天空中几乎看不见，因为它处于完全黑暗的环境中。 这与完全照亮的满月相反。 满月和新月之间的月球周期有八个不同的阶段，每个阶段持续约 28 天。 事实上，“月”这个词的根源是“Moon”，因为它几乎等于月相。

The other phases include the crescent, quarter and gibbous phase. Crescent originates from the Latin verb 'crescere', meaning 'to increase', and so it is the phase just before and after a new Moon as it takes a concave shape. The quarter will show half of the Moon. 'Gibbous' gets its root from the Latin term 'gibbus' which applied to the Moon's convex shape. These shapes are determined by the adjectives 'waning', to get smaller, and 'waxing', to get bigger.其他阶段包括新月期、四分之一期和凸月期。 新月起源于拉丁语动词“crescere”，意思是“增加”，因此它是新月前后的阶段，因为它呈凹形。 该四分之一将显示月球的一半。 “Gibbous”一词源自拉丁语“gibbus”，指的是月球的凸面形状。 这些形状由形容词“逐渐变小”和“逐渐变大”来决定。

So now you know how we've named the shapes, what about those mesmerising colours? The light waves that reach our eyes can vary due to the Moon's position on the horizon and pollution. This is known as Rayleigh scattering. When the Moon is low, light travels through the densest part of the atmosphere and shorter waves of blue scatter away. This leaves only the red and orange light waves to reach us. A warmer atmosphere, as well as smoke from wildfire, may increase the scattering effect as well, making the Moon appear less dull in spring and summer. This is why it's more likely for you to look up and see a pink Moon in April, a golden Moon in May and July, and even a red coloured Moon in the month of June.现在您知道我们如何命名这些形状了，那么那些迷人的颜色呢？ 由于月球在地平线上的位置和污染，到达我们眼睛的光波可能会有所不同。 这称为瑞利散射。 当月亮较低时，光线穿过大气层最密集的部分，较短的蓝色波会散射开来。 这样就只剩下红色和橙色光波到达我们这里了。 温暖的大气层以及野火产生的烟雾也可能会增加散射效果，使月球在春季和夏季显得不那么暗淡。 这就是为什么您更有可能在四月抬头看到粉红色的月亮，在五月和七月看到金色的月亮，甚至在六月看到红色的月亮。

Cave art is seen as a key evolutionary moment, marking the point that humans began to think in truly abstract, symbolic ways. The kind of imagination that underpins language, religion, and science.
洞穴艺术的出现被视作进化史上的一个关键时刻，它标志着人类从这个时间点开始用真正抽象和象征性的方式思考。正是这种想象力，构成了语言、宗教和科学的基石。

Uranium dating confirms that the latest discovery is more than a thousand years older than the previous oldest artwork. It adds to the view that there was no single creative awakening for humanity in a small part of Western Europe, which then spread. Rather, creativity was innate. Evidence for which stretches back to Africa where our species of humans, Homo sapiens, evolved.
铀系测年法确认，最新的发现比先前认为最古老的画作还要早 1000 多年。这一发现进一步支持了这样一个观点：人类创造力的觉醒并非源于西欧的一小块地区，而后扩散传播开来。恰恰相反，创造力是与生俱来的。证明这一点的证据可以追溯到非洲，我们人类的物种——智人最初进化出来的地方。

Thanks to data collected by satellites, scientists have a good understanding of Antarctica's icy surface, but what lies beneath has remained more of a mystery. In fact, more is known about the surface of some planets in our solar system than much of what's under the continent's ice.
得益于人造卫星采集到的数据，科学家们对南极洲的冰层表面有良好的认识，但潜藏其下的部分则一直更像是一个谜题。实际上，人类对我们太阳系中一些行星表面的了解甚至超过了对这片大陆冰下世界的认识。

Now, researchers have used a new approach to create what they believe to be the most detailed map of the landscape yet. The ridges, mountains, and channels shape how fast the glaciers above move, and understanding the topography could help scientists work out how quickly the ice might retreat in a warming climate.
现在，研究人员采用了一种新方法，绘制出了他们认为迄今为止最详尽的描绘这片景观的地形图。冰下的山脊、山脉和沟槽决定了上方冰川移动的速度，了解这些地形细节能帮助科学家计算出冰层随着不断变暖的气候可能会以多快的速度消退。

The scientists say more research is needed to give greater confidence in their findings, but they hope the new map will ultimately improve understanding of the potential impact on sea levels from Antarctica's melting ice.
科学家们表示，他们需要展开更多研究以提高这些发现的可信度，但他们希望这幅新地图最终能提升人类对南极冰层融化对海平面潜在影响的认识。

Many of us grew up learning that humans have five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch – an idea dating back to the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. But what if this list is incomplete? A sense is anything that can give your body information about the outside world, and some of these don't neatly fit into the traditional five. Modern scientists estimate there may be up to 33 different senses.
我们中的许多人在成长过程中都知道人类有五种感官：视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉和触觉——这个想法可以追溯到古希腊哲学家亚里士多德。 但如果这个列表不完整怎么办？ 感觉是任何可以为你的身体提供有关外部世界信息的东西，其中一些并不完全符合传统的五种感觉。 现代科学家估计可能有多达 33 种不同的感觉。

One sense that doesn't fit into one of the five boxes is proprioception. This is the sense of where your body parts are in space. Thanks to this sense, you can touch your nose with your eyes closed and walk around in the dark – you know where your legs are without looking. Then there's interoception which helps you sense things inside your body, like hunger and an increased heart rate. And don't take your sense of balance for granted. Balance relies on fluid in your inner ear to help you stay upright – this is what's called vestibular perception.
本体感觉是一种不属于这五个框之一的感觉。 这是你的身体部位在空间中的位置的感觉。 多亏了这种感觉，你可以闭上眼睛摸鼻子，在黑暗中走来走去——不用看就知道你的腿在哪里。 然后是内感受，可以帮助您感知体内的事物，例如饥饿和心率加快。 并且不要认为你的平衡感是理所当然的。 平衡依靠内耳中的液体来帮助您保持直立——这就是所谓的前庭感知。

And the traditional five senses might not be as simple as they seem. Touch, the sense we associate with our hands and tactile sensations, also encompasses the sensation of pain, temperature and itch. To perceive the flavours in food and drink, you need a combination of taste, smell and touch to get the full experience – it's not all about the taste buds on your tongue! It is actually smell that contributes most of what we perceive as taste, so when a person suffers olfactory loss, they often can't enjoy food as much, according to a 2022 study published in Foods by Fjaeldstad and Smith.
传统的五种感官可能并不像看上去那么简单。 触觉是我们与手和触觉联系在一起的感觉，也包括疼痛、温度和瘙痒的感觉。 要感知食物和饮料的味道，您需要味觉、嗅觉和触觉的结合才能获得完整的体验——这不仅仅是舌头上的味蕾！ 根据 Fjaeldstad 和 Smith 于 2022 年在《食品》杂志上发表的一项研究，实际上，我们所感知的味觉大部分是由气味决定的，因此，当一个人丧失嗅觉时，他们通常无法充分享受食物。

Until recently, philosophers and scientists have studied each of the traditional five senses in isolation, but researchers at the University of London's Centre for the Study of the Senses have more of a multisensory approach – the senses are all working together to create an overall picture. In their 'Rethinking the Senses' project, they found that our perception of salt, sweet and sour flavours is reduced when there is white noise, but our perception of umami is not. This means that sound can enhance flavour, and that umami-rich foods like tomato juice might taste better on a plane.
直到最近，哲学家和科学家们还单独研究了传统的五种感官，但伦敦大学感官研究中心的研究人员更多地采用了多感官方法——所有感官一起工作以创建一个整体图景。 在他们的“重新思考感官”项目中，他们发现，当存在白噪音时，我们对盐、甜和酸味的感知会降低，但我们对鲜味的感知却不会。 这意味着声音可以增强味道，而番茄汁等富含鲜味的食物在飞机上可能味道更好。

So, perhaps humans are far more sensory creatures than Aristotle ever imagined. From balance and body awareness to the way sound can change flavour, our senses are constantly working together in ways we rarely notice.
所以，也许人类是比亚里士多德想象的更加感性的生物。 从平衡和身体意识到声音改变味道的方式，我们的感官以我们很少注意到的方式不断地协同工作。

72-year-old Samaila Adamu is repairing this faulty generator using very unique tools.
72岁的Samaila Adamu正在用非常独特的工具修理这台有故障的发电机。

After losing his vision 26 years ago, Adamu learned to spot motorized faults through sound and touch.
26年前失明后，Adamu学会了通过声音和触觉来识别机动故障。

When people bring generators for repairs, I touched the parts and feel them, then I know what's wrong with them.
当人们把发电机送来维修时，我触摸并感受那些零件，就能知道问题出在哪里。

Adamu makes less than five dollars on every generator repair, nearly enough to provide for his three wives and 19 children. But he says it keeps him from begging on the streets.
Adamu每修好一台发电机只能赚不到五美元，勉强够养活他的三位妻子和十九个孩子。但他说这至少让他不必上街乞讨。

It helps me provide food to feed myself, my wives and children. I don't receive assistance from anyone.
这帮助我提供食物养活自己和妻儿，我不接受任何人的援助。

There are over 1 million blind Nigerians and about 3 million living with visual impairments.
尼日利亚有超过100万盲人以及约300万视力障碍者。

The Nigerian Association for the Blind says many are living in abject poverty.
尼日利亚盲人协会表示，许多人生活在赤贫之中。

You can't separate disability with poverty because most of those of us that have visual impairment are from poor homes.
残疾与贫困无法分割，因为我们大多数视力障碍者都来自贫困家庭。

And even with our parents who are well-to-do, maybe we would have gone to better hospitals for better treatment. We wouldn't have been blind.
即便我们的父母家境优渥，或许我们本可以去更好的医院接受更优质的治疗，也不至于失明。

President Muhammadu Buhari in January 2019 signed into law the Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities Act,
2019年1月，总统穆罕马杜·布哈里签署了《禁止歧视残障人士法案》，

for Nigeria's visually impaired like special education teacher Liki Idris says, they still face bias when looking for work.
但对于像特殊教育教师利基·伊德里斯这样的尼日利亚视障人士来说，他们在求职时仍会遭遇偏见。

When I go to any place to, I mean to apply for a job and they turn me down, you know, I feel so dejected.
每当我前往某处求职却被拒绝时，我感觉非常沮丧。

What I feel those people are looking at is the impairment I'm going all about with.
我感觉那些人所关注的是我一直以来所面临的缺陷。

Nigerian authorities plan to follow up on the Disabilities Act by establishing a National Commission for the disabled to ensure access to education and work.
尼日利亚当局计划通过设立国家残疾人委员会来落实法案，以确保残疾人能够接受教育和获得工作机会。