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英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟
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  • 第2711期:Beating brain fog
    Do you ever wake up with a fuzzy feeling in your head, you can't concentrate on anything, or find your memory just isn't working as it should? You're not alone. 39% of British people said they suffer brain fog on a regular basis in a FutureYou Cambridge study. But why do we get brain fog, and can we do anything to prevent it?您是否曾经以模糊的感觉醒来,您无法专注于任何东西,或者发现记忆无法正常工作? 你并不孤单。 39%的英国人说,他们在以后的剑桥研究中定期遭受脑雾。 但是,为什么我们会遇到大脑雾,我们可以做任何防止它的呢?The technical word for brain fog is cognitive impairment. When you have it, you can't think as clearly as you normally can – just as if your brain was actually full of fog. Dr Brennan, a neuroscientist and author, says "Brain fog is different to these short-term disruptions, because it is persistent, occurs regularly and can interfere with the quality of your life, your relationships, and your work". The reality is that no-one knows exactly what causes it, though theories include chemical or blood flow changes in the brain, and low-level inflammation. What we do know are factors that make it worse.大脑雾的技术词是认知障碍。 当您拥有它时,您无法像往常一样清楚地思考 - 就像您的大脑实际上充满了雾一样。 神经科学家和作者布伦南博士说:“大脑雾与这些短期干扰不同,因为它是持久的,定期发生的,并且可能干扰生活质量,人际关系和工作的质量”。 现实是,尽管理论包括大脑的化学或血液流动变化以及低水平的炎症,但没有人确切知道是什么原因引起的。 我们所知道的是使情况变得更糟的因素。Fatigue, for example, is a key contributor to brain fog, making it hard to stay focused. This is because sleep deficiency can change activity in some parts of the brain, which means processing and recalling detail becomes harder. Pain and anxiety can also contribute to it – they interfere with cognitive speed because they are distracting. There are also medical conditions that can make it worse, like long Covid or autoimmune conditions like lupus disease.例如,疲劳是大脑雾的关键因素,因此很难保持专注。 这是因为睡眠不足可以改变大脑某些部分的活动,这意味着处理和回忆细节变得更加困难。 疼痛和焦虑也会促成它 - 他们会干扰认知速度,因为它们正在分散注意力。 也有一些医疗状况会使情况变得更糟,例如长期或自身免疫性状况(例如狼疮病)。So, if you're suffering from brain fog, what can you do to fix it? One thing you can do is avoidultra-processed foods(UPFs). Dr Megan Rossi, the founder of TheGutHealth Doctor, told the BBC that "UPFs are often low in essential nutrients like magnesium,omega-3 fatty acidsandiron, all of which are crucial for brain function andmental clarity". Therefore, we should pack our diets withnutrient-richfoods likewhole grains, vegetables and healthy fats. Blueberries are particularly rich inpolyphenolsand have been shown to improve cognitive function and memory in clinical trials.Hydration is also very important.因此,如果您患有大脑雾,您该怎么办才能解决它? 您可以做的一件事是避免使用超级加工的食物(UPFS)。 肠道健康医生的创始人梅根·罗西(Megan Rossi)博士对英国广播公司(BBC)表示:“ UPFS通常很低,例如镁,omega-3脂肪酸和铁,所有这些营养素对于大脑功能和心理清晰度至关重要''。 因此,我们应该用富含营养的食物(如全谷物,蔬菜和健康脂肪)包装饮食。 蓝莓特别富含多酚,并且已被证明可以改善临床试验中的认知功能和记忆。 水合也非常重要。So, if you feel a bit foggy, try to get more sleep and consider making some changes to your diet.因此,如果您有些雾气,请尝试获得更多的睡眠,并考虑对饮食进行一些更改。
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  • 第2710期:What can magic teach us about the brain
    You've probably seen the impossible happen, or at least thought you have. When a magician makes a card disappear, or throws a ball into the air, only for it to vanish, it seems that they are using amazing powers. But the magic isn't happening on stage. It's actually all inside your brain.您可能看到了不可能发生的事情,或者至少认为自己有。 当魔术师使卡片消失或将球扔到空中时,只是为了消失时,他们似乎正在使用惊人的力量。 但是魔术并没有在舞台上发生。 实际上,它全部都在您的大脑内。These illusions work because of essential processes that happen in our brains. Our senses provide an enormous amount of information about our surroundings. Our brains have evolved ways of prioritising what's important. We tend to notice the things that are most significant and remember those which have most meaning for us. What we perceive that we see or remember that we saw is actually a mental image.这些幻觉是因为我们大脑中发生的基本过程而起作用。 我们的感官提供了有关周围环境的大量信息。 我们的大脑发展了优先考虑重要的方法的方法。 我们倾向于注意到最重要的事物,并记住那些对我们最有意义的事物。 我们认为我们看到或记得我们看到的实际上是一种心理形象。These mental processes are exploited by illusionists to trick us into perceiving things in a particular way. In one famous trick, a ball is thrown into the air twice and caught and then vanishes into thin air on the third throw. This third throw is actually just a hand movement. Our brains predict that the ball will leave the magician's hand so we think we see it. The same process makes a dog run for a stick when we pretend to throw it.这些心理过程被幻觉者利用,以欺骗我们以特定方式感知事物。 在一个著名的技巧中,将一个球扔到空中两次,然后抓住,然后在第三次掷球中消失在稀薄的空气中。 第三掷实际上只是手动。 我们的大脑预测球将离开魔术师的手,所以我们认为我们看到了它。 当我们假装扔掉它时,同样的过程使狗跑步。During a magic show, we are often manipulated to think that we have a freer choice than we actually do. Magician-turned-psychologist Gustav Kuhn highlights how a performer's gaze can direct our attention towards some things and divert it away from others. Even babies naturally tend to follow where someone is looking.在魔术表演中,我们经常被操纵认为我们有比实际选择更自由的选择。 魔术师转变为心理学家古斯塔夫·库恩(Gustav Kuhn)强调了表演者的凝视如何将我们的注意力转移到某些事物上,并将其转移到其他方面。 即使是婴儿也自然而然地跟随某人正在寻找的地方。Kuhn has become a researcher using the techniques behind different magic tricks to see what we can learn about how the brain works. He's even teamed up with a toy manufacturer to produce magic sets that explain our mental processes. Understanding these could be important because while magicians use these deceptions to entertain us, others use similar approaches to mislead us or spread disinformation.库恩(Kuhn)已使用不同魔术技巧背后的技术成为研究人员,以了解我们可以了解大脑的工作方式。 他甚至与玩具制造商合作制作了魔术套装来解释我们的心理过程。 理解这些可能很重要,因为虽然魔术师使用这些欺骗来娱乐我们,但其他人则使用类似的方法来误导我们或传播虚假信息。
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  • 第2709期:Ethical dilemma: Should knowledge be free?(2)
    One answer comes from 19th-century philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. He argues that control over our intellectual creations is crucial to the quest for personal fulfillment. For example, musicians making a new song aren't just mixing their labor with the world— they’re expressing themselves. And Hegel believes creators should have the right to control these creative extensions of their personalities. By using these ideas without permission or credit, we’re reducing a creator’s control over their life and legacy.一位答案来自19世纪的哲学家黑格尔(G.W.F. Hegel)。他认为,对我们智力创作的控制权,对实现个人价值至关重要。例如,音乐人创作一首新歌时,不只是将自己的劳动融入世界——他们是在表达自我。而黑格尔认为,创作者应该拥有控制这些创造性人格延伸的权利。如果我们在未经允许或不给予署名的情况下使用这些作品,就等于削弱了创作者对自己人生与遗产的掌控力。Alternatively, thinkers like Elizabeth Anderson and Michael Sandel have argued that commodifying certain things can debase them. For example, while you might think it’s fine to treat a luxury car as something to be bought and sold, it feels strange to say the same thing about a library card. That attitude feels somehow disrespectful to the pursuit of knowledge. And taken to the extreme, one might conclude that all knowledge should be completely free. But even without compensation, how would you feel if someone copied your work and took credit for it as their own? Outside a world where everyone abandons ownership over their ideas, it’s hard not to feel like some injustice would still be taking place.另一方面,像伊丽莎白·安德森(Elizabeth Anderson)和迈克尔·桑德尔(Michael Sandel)这样的思想家则认为,将某些事物商品化,可能会贬低它们的价值。比如,你可能觉得把一辆豪华汽车当作买卖商品是理所当然的,但如果用同样的态度对待一张图书馆借书证,就会显得很奇怪。这种态度似乎在某种程度上对“追求知识”是不敬的。如果将这种观点推向极端,有人可能会得出这样的结论:所有知识都应该完全免费。但即便不涉及报酬,如果有人抄袭了你的作品,并将其据为己有,你会作何感受?在一个人人都放弃对自己思想所有权的理想世界之外,我们很难不觉得这种行为仍然是一种不公正。That said, it also feels extreme to say intellectual property rights should always be respected. Scottish philosopher David Hume famously argued that, in times of famine, the government is justified in forcing wealthy citizens to open their granaries to the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic, similar reasoning led publishing companies to temporarily give free access to journal articles related to the deadly virus. In such an emergency, most agreed it was in everyone’s interest to prioritize saving lives over compensation.话虽如此,但说“知识产权应始终受到尊重”似乎也有些极端。苏格兰哲学家大卫·休谟(David Hume)曾著名地指出,在饥荒时期,政府有正当理由强迫富人向公众开放粮仓。在新冠疫情期间,出于类似的理由,一些出版公司临时免费开放了与病毒相关的学术论文访问权限。在这种紧急情况下,大多数人都同意:与其优先考虑报酬,不如优先拯救生命,这才符合全体利益。But do circumstances need to be this extreme to justify ignoring intellectual property rights? Or is your pursuit of knowledge enough for you to deny these mages their hard-earned coin? Your friend’s archive is waiting...但情势是否非得如此极端,才能成为无视知识产权的正当理由?又或者,仅仅因为你在追求知识,就足以让你否认那些法师辛苦所得的报酬?你朋友的档案馆已经在等待你的选择了……
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  • 第2708期:Ethical dilemma: Should knowledge be free?(1)
    The mystical city of Ockham is famous for its college of magic. Here, genius spellcasters invent incantations and publish them in enchanted scrolls that others can purchase. As an aspiring wizard, you study these scrolls to learn from the best. Specifically, you’re interested in making mathematical magic— like spells that conjure complex shapes— for researchers to study. Often, you can’t afford the latest scrolls in your field. But one day, a friend tells you he's been using an illegal duplication spell to copy scrolls, and, if you’re interested, you’re welcome to read his collection free of charge. So, do you use his counterfeit scrolls to further your own research?通过一次呼吸运动,她通过一个鼻孔呼吸,然后通过另一个鼻子呼吸。 她使用拇指或食指一次闭合一个鼻孔。神秘之城奥卡姆以其魔法学院而闻名。在这里,天才施法者发明咒语并将其发布在其他人可以购买的魔法卷轴中。作为一名有抱负的巫师,你研究这些卷轴,向最优秀的人学习。具体来说,您对创造数学魔法(例如变出复杂形状的咒语)感兴趣,以供研究人员研究。通常,您买不起您所在领域的最新卷轴。但有一天,一位朋友告诉你,他一直在使用非法复制咒语来复制卷轴,如果你有兴趣,欢迎你免费阅读他的收藏。那么,你会利用他的伪造卷轴来进一步进行你自己的研究吗?As a wizard, you know designing spells requires a lot of intellectual labor and creativity, which is why it’s widely agreed that mages should be able to make a living selling their work. And since this system is also how wizards build their reputation, most believe it elevates good work and makes high quality magic reasonably accessible. But this system has its problems. In fact, researchers on our less magical world are facing similar issues with how science is published. That system's issues are far more complex than Ockham's, but both share a core philosophical concern: intellectual property rights. While many philosophers agree that some version of intellectual property rights make sense, their justifications vary widely. For example, some thinkers draw on English philosopher John Locke, who argues that if you “mix your labor” with a plot of wild land, any crops it produces, as well as the land itself, should be under your control. This makes a certain kind of sense for farmers, but are spells, songs, or stories really like farmland? For one thing, land is limited— if one person uses it for farming, someone else can’t use it for building. This kind of all or nothing resource is what some philosophers call a rivalrous good. But there’s no limit on how many people can be inspired by a sunset. And people can even arrive at the same idea independently, whether or not they share an inspiration. So if we can all have ideas without interfering with one another, why assign rights over them at all?作为一名巫师,你知道设计咒语需要大量的智力劳动和创造力,因此大家普遍认为法师应该能够靠出售自己的作品谋生。而且由于这个体系也是巫师建立声誉的方式,大多数人认为它能凸显优秀的作品,并让高质量的魔法变得相对易得。但这个体系也有它的问题。事实上,我们这个魔法较少的世界里的研究人员,在科学出版方面也正面临类似的问题。虽然科学出版的问题比奥卡姆体系复杂得多,但两者都涉及一个核心的哲学关切:知识产权。虽然许多哲学家都认为某种形式的知识产权是合理的,但他们的论证理由却差别很大。例如,有些思想家借鉴了英国哲学家约翰·洛克的观点,他认为如果你“将劳动融入”一块荒地,那么无论是这片土地上产出的作物,还是土地本身,都应该归你所有。这种观点对农民来说似乎有其合理性,但咒语、歌曲或故事真的像农田那样吗?首先,土地是有限的——如果一个人用它来种地,别人就不能用它来建房。这种“非此即彼”的资源,被一些哲学家称为“竞争性物品”。但像落日这样的美景可以启发无限多人。而且人们即使没有共享灵感,也可能独立地得出相同的想法。所以,如果我们都能拥有想法而不会彼此干扰,那我们为什么还要对这些想法赋予权利呢?
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  • 第2707期:Are there really dead wasps in figs?
    In 2023, a US grocer recalled over 10,000 cases of broccoli cheddar soup over concerns they contained too much of an unintended ingredient. That ingredient? Bugs. We know insects regularly come into contact with our food— but how many are you actually eating? And is it okay? Let’s start with an extreme example: figs and their conspicuously close bond with certain bugs.2023 年,一家美国杂货店召回了 10,000 多箱西兰花切达干酪汤,原因是担心其中含有过多的非预期成分。那个成分?虫子。我们知道昆虫经常接触我们的食物,但您实际上吃了多少昆虫?可以吗?让我们从一个极端的例子开始:无花果及其与某些昆虫的密切联系。Around 80 million years ago, wasps started pollinating figs. And today, each of the approximately 750 fig tree species depends on at least one unique species of tiny wasps. Pollinator-plant relationships can get hyper-specific. And figs guard their flowers especially tight for fig wasps. Technically, a fig isn't a fruit, but a fleshy bundle derived from stem tissues that holds hundreds of internal flowers— like a hidden garden.大约八千万年前,黄蜂开始为无花果授粉。如今,大约 750 种无花果树中的每一种都依赖于至少一种独特的小黄蜂。传粉者与植物的关系可以变得高度特定。无花果对无花果黄蜂的保护特别严密。从技术上讲,无花果不是水果,而是由茎组织衍生的肉质束,内部有数百朵花,就像一个隐藏的花园。Humans typically harvest one species: the common fig. Its breeding system, called gynodioecy, is seen in less than 1% of flowering plants. It works with some common fig trees having seed-producing female parts, while others, called caprifigs, have both female seed-producing and male pollen-producing parts. Wasps get involved when a female fig wasp full of eggs follows odor cues to a common fig tree and thrusts herself into the minuscule hole at a developing fig’s base. From there, depending on whether it's a caprifig or a female fig, things go one of two ways, the outcome being either more wasps or more figs.人类通常收获一种物种:无花果。它的繁殖系统被称为雌花异株,只见于不到 1% 的开花植物。它适用于一些具有产生种子的雌性部分的常见无花果树,而其他称为无花果的无花果树,既有雌性产生种子的部分,也有雄性产生花粉的部分。当一只充满卵的雌性无花果黄蜂跟随气味线索来到一棵普通无花果树并将自己插入正在发育的无花果基部的小洞时,黄蜂就会介入。从那里开始,根据它是无花果还是雌性无花果,事情会以两种方式之一进行,结果要么是更多的黄蜂,要么是更多的无花果。If it’s a caprifig, the wasp deposits her eggs into the flowers’ ovaries, then dies. Instead of developing seeds, those flower ovaries turn into galls that nurture the wasp’s developing offspring. Wingless and blind, the males hatch first, open the remaining galls, and fertilize the developing females— yes, oftentimes their sisters, unless another wasp laid eggs here. Next, the males dig exit pathways they never use themselves because they die before leaving the fig. Finally, the already-fertilized females hatch, exit through the male-made holes, getting coated with pollen on the way, and fly off to other figs.如果是无花果,黄蜂会将卵产入花朵的子房中,然后死亡。这些花的卵巢不会发育出种子,而是变成虫瘿,滋养黄蜂正在发育的后代。无翅且盲目的雄性黄蜂首先孵化,打开剩余的虫瘿,使正在发育的雌性受精——是的,通常是它们的姐妹,除非有另一只黄蜂在这里产卵。接下来,雄性挖出他们自己从未使用过的出口通道,因为它们在离开无花果之前就死了。最后,已经受精的雌性孵化,从雄性制造的孔中出来,途中沾上花粉,飞向其他无花果。If a wasp winds up in a female fig, however, she can’t lay her eggs because the flowers are structured differently. So, she dies without offspring— but she did pollinate the fig’s flowers, so the tree can reproduce. Female wasps don’t know which kind of fig they’re entering— and whether it’ll give her offspring or use her to make its own— because fig trees smell the same, regardless of sex. This ensures that a good portion of common figs can also reproduce and not just further wasp-kind.然而,如果黄蜂最终进入雌性无花果体内,她就无法产卵,因为花朵的结构不同。所以,她死后没有留下后代,但她确实为无花果的花朵授粉,因此这棵树可以繁殖。雌性黄蜂不知道它们正在进入哪种无花果,也不知道它是否会生下自己的后代,或者用她来创造自己的后代,因为无论性别如何,无花果树的气味都是一样的。这确保了大部分普通无花果也可以繁殖,而不仅仅是进一步的黄蜂种类。That was how things went— until humans intervened. Archaeological records suggest that people in the Jordan Valley grew figs some 11,400 years ago, possibly making them the first domesticated crop. When a genetic mutation emerged that allowed the tree’s fruit to ripen without being pollinated, people began propagating it with cuttings. And suddenly the common fig wasn’t beholden to wasps; it had a new partner to multiply with.事情就是这样发展的——直到人类介入。考古记录表明,约 11,400 年前,约旦河谷的人们就开始种植无花果,这可能使它们成为第一种驯化作物。当基因突变出现,使树上的果实无需授粉即可成熟时,人们开始用插条繁殖它。突然之间,普通无花果不再受到黄蜂的侵害;它有了一个可以与之繁衍的新伙伴。The crop spread far and wide, and today we harvest more than 1.3 million tons of figs annually. So how many wasps are we eating? Well, store-bought fresh figs are typically of the common fig varieties that ripen without pollinators, so they’re wasp-free. Many that are sold dried, however, still require pollination. But, of these, we usually don’t eat caprifig fruits, where the mother wasp and her male offspring die. Instead, we eat dried figs from female trees, which may contain a female wasp that attempted—and failed— to lay her eggs in it. However, it’s also possible that the moisture and enzymes figs naturally release break her body down.无花果作物分布广泛,如今我们每年收获超过 130 万吨无花果。那么我们吃了多少黄蜂呢?好吧,商店购买的新鲜无花果通常是常见的无花果品种,无需传粉媒介即可成熟,因此它们没有黄蜂。然而,许多干燥出售的植物仍然需要授粉。但是,其中,我们通常不吃黄蜂果实,黄蜂妈妈和她的雄性后代会死在黄蜂果实中。相反,我们吃的是雌性树上的无花果干,其中可能含有一只雌性黄蜂,它试图在其中产卵,但失败了。然而,无花果自然释放的水分和酶也可能会破坏她的身体。Big picture, though, bugs are often harvested with our produce or attracted to food processing facilities. Eating them is kind of inevitable. The US Food and Drug Administration actually permits certain amounts of bug bits in different food products. For example, no more than 30 insect fragments per 100 grams of peanut butter, or over 2,500 aphids in 10 grams of hops. Some estimates hold that Americans eat around a kilogram of insects annually— without incident, and maybe even a little added nutrition. After all, insects feature in over 2 billion people's traditional diets and are relatively sustainable. So, maybe chew on that.不过,从大局来看,虫子通常是随着我们的农产品收获的,或者被食品加工设施吸引的。吃掉它们是不可避免的。美国食品和药物管理局实际上允许不同食品中含有一定量的虫子。例如,每 100 克花生酱中昆虫碎片不超过 30 个,或者 10 克啤酒花中不超过 2,500 只蚜虫。一些估计认为,美国人每年吃掉大约一公斤昆虫——没有发生任何事故,甚至可能还增加了一点营养。毕竟,昆虫是超过 20 亿人的传统饮食中的重要组成部分,而且相对可持续。所以,也许要仔细考虑一下。
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