英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

You might have mixed feelings about rain. For those experiencing long periods of drought, rain can bring joy. But for those wanting to enjoy the outdoors, a large downpour can ruin the experience. Getting drenched by the weather can make you feel cold and weaken your immune system, but there are some surprising benefits to going out in the rain, provided you've got your brolly and raincoat!
您可能对下雨有复杂的感觉。 对于长期干旱的人们来说，雨水可以带来欢乐。 但对于那些想要享受户外活动的人来说，一场大雨可能会破坏这种体验。 被天气淋湿会让您感到寒冷并削弱您的免疫系统，但如果您带上雨伞和雨衣，在雨中外出还有一些令人惊讶的好处！

Have you ever noticed a difference in the smell in the air after it's rained? That smell has a name – petrichor. This earthy scent, a pleasant one to many, happens when raindrops release particles from the ground. Humans are incredibly sensitive to the smell, which some scientists think is because it tells us there is new, fresh water. It probably made our ancestors feel safe and calm. And then there's the relaxing sound of raindrops splattering on a hard surface. A 2018 study published in PubMed Central by Thoma and colleagues found that the sound of rain can reduce the stress hormone cortisol and bring a sense of calm.
你有没有注意到下雨后空气中的气味发生了变化？ 这种气味有一个名字——petrichor。 当雨滴从地面释放颗粒时，就会产生这种令人愉悦的泥土气味。 人类对气味非常敏感，一些科学家认为这是因为它告诉我们有新的淡水。 这可能让我们的祖先感到安全和平静。 然后是雨滴落在坚硬表面上的令人放松的声音。 Thoma 及其同事于 2018 年在 PubMed Central 发表的一项研究发现，雨声可以降低压力荷尔蒙皮质醇，带来平静感。

When raindrops hit a hard surface, something called 'negative ions' are released into the air, which, when in high levels, are known to boost serotonin in the brain, again making us feel more relaxed. However, there isn't a scientific consensus about exactly how this is happening. These negative ions also make the air cleaner. Pam Dalton, a cognitive scientist at the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Pennsylvania, says there is reasonably good evidence that "the negative ions can clear dust, bacteria, allergens, and other particles from air, which for many can have a positive effect on respiratory health." The heavier the rain, the greater effect it has on cleaning the air.
当雨滴撞击坚硬的表面时，一种叫做“负离子”的物质会释放到空气中，当负离子含量较高时，会增加大脑中的血清素水平，再次让我们感到更加放松。 然而，对于这种情况到底是如何发生的，科学界尚未达成共识。 这些负离子还使空气更清洁。 宾夕法尼亚州莫内尔化学感官中心的认知科学家帕姆·道尔顿表示，有相当充分的证据表明“负离子可以清除空气中的灰尘、细菌、过敏原和其他颗粒，这对许多人来说可以对呼吸系统健康产生积极影响。” 雨越大，净化空气的效果就越大。

You could feel some of these benefits from the comfort of your own home, just by opening the window and taking a whiff of the petrichor scent or listening to the pitter-patter sound on your roof. Or, after making sure you're dressed in the right attire, step outside in the rain to fully experience the mood-boosting effects of those mysterious negative ions in the air. Just remember to come straight back inside if you see lightning, as this could be dangerous.
您可以在舒适的家中感受到其中的一些好处，只需打开窗户，闻一闻彼得里克的气味，或聆听屋顶上的啪嗒啪嗒的声音。 或者，在确保穿着合适后，在雨中走出去，充分体验空气中神秘负离子的提振情绪效果。 请记住，如果看到闪电，请立即返回室内，因为这可能很危险。

These bones at the Denver Science Museum come from ancient bison.
丹佛科学博物馆的这些骨头来自古代的野牛。

20,000 years ago, ice age people built fires using bones like these from the animals they hunted in cold dry prairies.
两万年前，冰河时代的人们用在寒冷干燥的草原上狩猎的动物的骨头生火。

They had only grass and twigs from bushes, but no trees. So campfire wood was scarce.
他们只有草和灌木丛中的树枝，没有树。营火的木头很是稀缺。

Their alternative fuel clearly was bone, because bone ash shows up in many of the archaeological sites that I have worked at.
他们的替代燃料显然是骨头，因为在我工作过的许多考古遗址中都发现了骨灰。

Now a team of volunteers helps Hoffecker make an Ice Age bone fire, starting with a paleolithic fire drill.
现在，一组志愿者帮助霍菲克从旧石器时代的取火行动开始，试图重现冰河时代用骨头来取火。

I am not dreaming that it's gonna happen. We tried a bone drill. That's a lot of work. So we went to our methods with a Bic lighter.
我没指望着真的能成功。我们试过钻骨取火。非常耗费精力。我们改用了比克打火机引燃。

Volunteers feed the fire not big logs, but sticks, similar to the twiggy bushes that Ice Age hunters added to their fires.
志愿者投入火中的不是大木头，而是小树枝，类似于冰河时代的猎人添加到他们火堆中的细枝灌木。

Then Hoffecker adds the main fuel: the bones of a deer carcass cut just hours earlier.
然后，霍菲克添加了主要燃料：几小时前刚切好的鹿尸骨头。

The sizzling sound is mostly that fat burning off which is appearing to be very flammable.
滋滋声大多是脂肪在燃烧发出的，这种物质看起来非常易燃。

See if we can reach the ignition temperature of a bone which is high. It's over 350°C. It's much higher than wood. So it looks like maybe we're getting there.
看看我们能否达到骨头的燃点，骨头的燃点很高，超过350°C，比木头的燃点要高得多。看起来我们好像要成功了。

Ice Age hunters used mostly bones, but when Hoffecker adds more bones, flames turn to smoke. They saved the fire by going back to sticks.
冰河时代的猎人主要使用骨头，但当霍菲克添加更多的骨头时，火焰变成了烟雾。他们又开始用木棍来使之恢复正常。

Some of the bone is burning, yes. Hoffecker plans to try more bone fires to better understand the Ice Age humans who lived in cold dry places 20,000 years ago.
有些骨头已经在燃烧了。霍菲克计划更多尝试用骨头生火，以便更好地了解2万年前生活在寒冷干燥地区的冰河时代人类。

You see this? This is what we always threw away, forever. It was rare that you see anybody using it.
看到这个了吗？这是我们一直丢弃的东西。很少会有人用这个来烹饪。

My name is Todd Gray. I'm the chef and co-owner of Equinox restaurant with my wife Ellen Kassoff.
我叫托德·格雷，是Equinox餐厅的厨师，和妻子艾伦·卡索夫共同经营着这家餐厅。

We have almost as much discarded trim as we do what we would call yield. I think about four years ago, Ellen really was the catalyst.
我们丢弃的边角料几乎和我们所谓的成品产量一样多。我觉得大概是在四年前，艾伦催生了这一想法。

So she was saying, "Hey, you know, we really need to be a little more careful with the waste that we're doing. We really need to look into composting."
她当时说：“我们真的需要更加谨慎地处理食材浪费。我们真的需要考虑堆肥处理。”

When you're married, you know as a couple, things can get much more deeply rooted into the philosophy, into the mind of the people running the company than if you were a big corporation.
两个人结为夫妻共同经营时，相比大型企业，很多事情会更深入地融入公司运营者的理念和思维中。

You can't lay in bed at night and have your pillow talk about reducing trash in the restaurant.
你不可能晚上躺在床上和枕边人聊如何减少餐厅的垃圾。

It's always been part of our culture, the kitchen culture, depending the training for a chef, they always taught you to never throw anything in the trash.
这一直是我们厨房文化的一部分，根据厨师的培训，他们总是教导你永远不要把任何东西扔进垃圾桶。

What we can do at this point is nice little cuts. So we cut them like this. They're crunchy, but once you saute them, they become soft.
目前我们能做的就是把它们切成漂亮的形状。我们把它们切成这个样子。它们口感爽脆，但一旦翻炒之后，就会变得柔软。

All of the mushroom stem, leaves, skins of the onions, shallots that are a little too ripe, celery trim, things that we accumulate over a couple of days.
蘑菇茎、叶子、洋葱皮、有点熟过头的葱、芹菜叶，这些都是我们在几天里积攒下来的东西。

Every morning, this is the next step. We put the vegetables on the fire with some water and there's our vegetable broth.
每天早上我们都会进行这一步。我们将蔬菜放入锅中，加些水，做成蔬菜汤。

The Swiss chard stems which I thought the ideal thing to do would be to take the stems and do something with them.
我本以为处理瑞士甜菜茎杆的理想方式是取茎杆并加以利用。

So, I said why don't we tempura fry them and serve them with a simple dipping sauce, some spices and some crystal, some salt crystals?
我说咱们为什么不把它们做成天妇罗炸一下，然后配上简单的蘸酱、一些香料和一些盐晶呢？

We've trained everyone now that, you know, no food, as we've been cutting, prepping, ends up in the trash.
我们对每位厨师都进行了培训，在我们切菜、备菜的时候，都不可以有扔进垃圾桶的部分。

So this piece called Lalu is probably from about ten years ago, from this body of work kind of looking at fields, the visual of the motion of tall grass and the wind.
这个叫“Lalu”的作品大约创作于十年前，出自这个以田野为主题的系列作品，探讨了高草随风摇曳的视觉效果。

You never see the wind. You always see the effects of the wind.
你看不见风。但是你总能感受到风带来的影响。

But also for me is sort of calling to mind of the front end of a harvest or a reaper and the way that this machine enters the field, and sort of cuts the grain down and processes the grain.
但对我来说，这让我想起了收割机的前端，以及这台机器进入田地、割倒谷物并加工谷物的方式。

I don't think of it as a robot creating art. These are no more robots than just sort of like atoms that are moving through space right now.
我不认为这是机器人在创作艺术。它们和此刻在太空中移动的原子没什么两样，称不上是机器人。

This is just a sort of device that helps visualize or record that phenomenon. So it appears inorganic that's actually quite organic.
这只是一种有助于直观呈现或记录该现象的工具。它看起来是无机的，但实际上是有机的。

But the heart of it really is controlled chance that you create a barrier and make some selections in terms of color.
但其实它的核心是可控的随机性，你打造一个屏障，并选择一些不同的色彩。

Some of my favorite moments are like in the corner. This is like the highway roadmap business of LA.
我最喜欢的一些效果往往出现在角落里。这就像洛杉矶的高速公路路线图。

The overlay in a lot of cases comes out of more historical narratives.
在很多情况下，这种色彩的重叠更多来自于历史叙述。

A lot of the philosophical questions that are embedded in the work for me are ancient questions.
作品中蕴含的很多哲学问题对我来说都是古老的问题。

Where do you go when you die? Or what is the wind? Or where does the wind come from?
人死后会去往哪里？风是什么？风是从哪里来的？

I'm also very interested in getting out of my routine and seeing the world.
我也非常渴望打破常规，去看看这个世界。

Remarkable things can be found all over the place, sometimes just up the road from where you live. It's a question of deviating from your normal path.
非凡的事物随处可见，有时就在你居住地附近。关键在于偏离你惯常的路线。

According to the National Center for Health Statistics of the United States, roughly 37 percent of US adults consume fast food on a daily basis.
根据美国国家卫生统计中心的数据，大约37%的美国成年人每天都会食用快餐。

The center found a significant rise in the number of severe obesity cases in very young children aged 2 to 5.
该中心发现，2至5岁幼儿的严重肥胖病例数量显著增加。

Thank you so much for having us here in your home.
非常感谢您邀请我们到您家做客。

Zobaida Falah, an Ohio-based Muslim entrepreneur, launched her snack bar company called Cure in June 2016
佐拜达·法拉赫是一位来自俄亥俄州的穆斯林企业家，她于2016年6月创办了一家名为“Cure”的小吃店，

in an effort to end unhealthy food habits and raise awareness about proper nutrition and its benefits.
旨在消除不健康的饮食习惯，并提高人们对合理营养及其益处的认识。

To fight obesity and junk food habits, Falah created a line of organic healthy bars for all. The idea come to her when she was teaching math and English to kids.
为了对抗肥胖和垃圾食品习惯，法拉赫为所有人推出了一系列有机健康棒，她教孩子们英语和数学时，有了这个主意。

I would watch my students to come into the classroom, eating chips and soda, refined sugars, bad carbs.
我看着我的学生们走进教室，吃着薯片、喝着汽水，里面含有精制糖和不健康的碳水化合物。

And anytime I asked them why do you guys eat so poorly, a very common response was healthy food just doesn't taste good.
每当我问他们为什么吃得这么不健康时，一个非常常见的回答是健康食品就是不好吃。

With taste in her mind, Falah started experimenting on a unique recipe inspired by her grandmother.
法拉赫脑海中想着那种味道，开始尝试一种受她祖母启发的独特食谱。

Ingredients include a mixture of nuts, flavorful seeds, honey and black seeds.
配料包括坚果混合物、风味种子、蜂蜜和黑籽。

It took off. But to this day she still runs her business from home, meeting roughly four to six thousand orders a month.
直到今天她仍然在家经营业务，每月大约处理四千到六千份订单。

Falah doesn't just want to change people's health but also tackle hunger as she donates a snack bar to the homeless for ages when sold.
法拉赫不仅想改变人们的健康状况，还想解决饥饿问题，因为她每卖出一份零食棒，就会长期为无家可归者捐赠一份。

We have a social movement and mission behind the company, which means that when we first launched we would donate a bar for every bar that we sold and we would donate it to people experiencing homelessness.
我们公司背负社会运动和使命，这意味着我们刚推出产品时，每售出一份产品就会捐赠一份给无家可归的人。

And as the company has grown and we've expanded and added new product lines to our brand.
随着公司的发展壮大，我们扩大了业务范围并为品牌新增了多条产品线。

Now we actually donate a percentage of all of our profits towards alleviating world hunger.
现在，我们实际上会将所有利润的一定比例捐赠出去，用于缓解世界饥饿问题。

Falah says her company has helped more than 200,000 poor people in the U.S. and abroad, including refugees in Syria, Morocco, Palestine, and Gambia.
法拉赫说，她的公司已经帮助了美国和国外超过20万人，包括叙利亚、摩洛哥、巴勒斯坦和冈比亚的难民。