英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

People collect all sorts of things. I collect fridge magnets, so my fridge has slowly become a colourful map of everywhere I've been. I also have fond memories of collecting rocks and shells from the beach with my mum when we’d visit the coast in summer. It’s true that some people collect natural objects such as fossils and interesting stones, while others bring home souvenirs from their travels. There are also people collecting miniature versions of real commercial products and tiny replicas of familiar objects, for example scaled-down retro toys, classic board games and action figures. In this way, collectables can be both decorative and functional, giving us something nostalgic to look at or fiddle with when bored.
人们收集各种各样的东西。 我收集冰箱贴，所以我的冰箱慢慢地变成了一张彩色地图，上面写着我去过的任何地方。 当我们夏天去海岸时，我也有和妈妈一起从海滩收集岩石和贝壳的美好回忆。 确实，有些人收集化石和有趣的石头等自然物品，而另一些人则将旅行中的纪念品带回家。 还有人收集真实商业产品的微型版本和熟悉物品的微型复制品，例如缩小版复古玩具、经典棋盘游戏和动作玩偶。 这样，收藏品就可以兼具装饰性和功能性，让我们在无聊时可以看看或摆弄一些怀旧的东西。

But why do people have such a strong desire to collect things? One explanation is that collecting gives us a sense of order and achievement. Happiful, a mental health and wellbeing magazine, wrote that adding to a collection creates a sense of progress and accomplishment. According to an article published in the Journal of Consumer Research, titled Seeking Structure in Collections: Desire for Control Motivates Engagement in Collecting, collecting can help people feel more in control. It explains that collections can become an extension of our identity. The things we collect reflect our hobbies, interests and loyalties.
但为什么人们有如此强烈的收藏欲望呢？ 一种解释是，收藏给我们一种秩序感和成就感。 《幸福》是一本心理健康和幸福杂志，它写道，添加收藏可以带来进步和成就感。 根据发表在《消费者研究杂志》上的一篇题为《寻求收藏中的结构：控制欲激发人们参与收藏》的文章，收藏可以帮助人们感觉更有控制力。 它解释了收藏可以成为我们身份的延伸。 我们收集的东西反映了我们的爱好、兴趣和忠诚度。

However, not everyone believes collecting is beneficial. Advocates of minimalism argue that owning fewer possessions improves wellbeing. As Beverley D'Silva reported for the BBC, the simplicity associated with a minimalist lifestyle may even contribute to greater happiness. From this perspective, filling our homes with collections can seem more like unnecessarily hoarding clutter. There is also an important distinction between thoughtfully curating your collection and simply accumulating more possessions. The Journal of Consumer Research article warns that some collectors can be drawn into excessive spending, especially when companies release new or rare additions to collections that were once considered complete. In those cases, collecting may be driven less by passion and more by pressure.
然而，并非所有人都认为收集是有益的。 极简主义的倡导者认为，拥有更少的财产可以改善幸福感。 正如 Beverley D'Silva 为 BBC 报道的那样，与极简主义生活方式相关的简单甚至可能有助于增加幸福感。 从这个角度来看，在我们的家里堆满收藏品似乎更像是不必要地囤积杂物。 精心策划你的收藏和简单地积累更多财产之间也有一个重要的区别。 《消费者研究杂志》的文章警告说，一些收藏家可能会陷入过度消费，特别是当公司为曾经被认为完整的收藏品推出新的或罕见的补充品时。 在这些情况下，收藏可能更多地受到压力而非激情的驱动。

Despite this, collecting remains as popular as ever. Perhaps the reason collecting endures is simple – collections tell stories. And displaying these collections can be just as satisfying as finding them. Happiful describes collections as a kind of self-portrait, reflecting our interests, personality and memories. Whether it's fridge magnets, shells or action figures, the real value often lies not in the objects themselves, but in the memories and meanings attached to them.
尽管如此，收藏仍然一如既往地流行。 也许收藏经久不衰的原因很简单——藏品讲述故事。 展示这些藏品就像找到它们一样令人满意。 Happiful 将收藏描述为一种自画像，反映我们的兴趣、个性和记忆。 无论是冰箱贴、贝壳还是人偶，真正的价值往往不在于物体本身，而在于它们所附加的记忆和意义。

While mice with partly-human brains might sound a Kafkaesque experiment, the scientists say that these are not mice that think like humans, rather they're animals that are altered so that some of their brain tissue is human.
虽然拥有部分人类脑组织的小鼠听起来像是一场 “卡夫卡式” 的实验，但科学家表示，这些小鼠并不会像人类一样思考。更准确地说，它们只是经过改造的动物，其部分脑组织来源于人类。

The researchers engineered mice to develop almost none of their own cerebralcortex, that's the outer layer that's sometimes referred to as grey matter. It handles higher-level thinking, memory and senses. They then used skin cells taken from humans, reprogrammed them and grew them into pieces of brain-like tissue called organoids – collections of connected living brain cells. When these organoids were implanted into the mice, they formed connections with the rest of the brain and the spinal cord, functioning like brain tissue.
通过基因工程手段，研究人员让这些小鼠几乎不发育自身的大脑皮层。大脑皮层就是大脑的外层，有时也被称为 “灰质”，负责高级思维活动、记忆和感觉处理。随后，研究人员用取自人类的皮肤细胞，将其重新编程，培育成名为 “类器官” 的类脑组织。类器官由相互连接的活体脑细胞组成。这些类器官被植入小鼠后，与大脑的其它区域和脊髓建立了连接，并发挥与脑组织相似的功能。

Having working human brain cells inside a living animal, the scientists say, gives them a new way to understand the biological causes and develop treatments for brain disorders, including dementia, epilepsy and cerebral palsy. The study raises questions about what it means to change the brain of an animal and exactly how theselaboratorymice will experience the world. So, there'll be ongoing discussions weighing the scientific value of these mice against these ethical challenges.
科学家表示，在活体动物的大脑中植入能正常发挥功能的人类脑细胞，为他们理解脑部疾病的生物学成因、开发新疗法提供了新途径，这些疾病包括痴呆、癫痫和脑瘫。该研究也引发了一些质疑，例如改变动物的大脑意味着什么，以及这些实验小鼠究竟会如何感知和体验世界。因此，如何权衡这些小鼠的科学价值与伴随而来的伦理挑战，相关讨论还将持续下去。

For 14 years, we do it every Friday around this time. We come out and we feed people, right?
14年来，我们每周五差不多这个时候都会做这件事。我们出来给人们分发食物，对吧？

We feed them first the spiritual word of God, we call it and then, we give them physical food.
我们先给他们“精神食粮”，然后再给他们提供物质食物。

We let them know that "Hey, you don't have to come to listen to the word of God in order for us to give you food.
我们让他们知道：“你们不必为了让我们给你们食物而来听上帝的教诲。

If you just want to come when we're serving, you can come when we're serving.
如果你只想在我们供应餐点的时候来，那你可以直接来。

You don't have to listen to me. I'm nothing special. I don't have nothing great to say to you except for what's in the word of God."
你不必听我的。我没什么特别的。除了上帝箴言外，我没什么溢美之语要对你说。”

The hardest hit place in Los Angeles, still praising God, still giving him the glory, still coming out on Friday nights.
在洛杉矶疫情最严重的地方，人们仍在赞美上帝，仍在颂扬他的荣耀，仍在周五晚上外出。

And what I've started to notice is happening is that more and more people are coming back every week.
我开始注意到，每周都有越来越多的人出来加入我们。

There are all kinds of people who come here. There are people who are housed.
来这里的人形形色色。有的人就住在这里。

There are about 9,000 people who are housed right here in Los Angeles.
洛杉矶大约有9000人都住在这里。

And what's in Skid Row, what's called Single Residency Occupancies, right there are little small apartments, kind of like the size of a jail cell, a small jail cell.
在贫民区里，所谓的单人居住单元是什么样的呢？那些公寓可能就跟监狱的单间一样小。

There's a lot of good people down here, but it's like the has-beens, the ex-gang members, the ex-pimps or prostitutes, ex-parolees, ex-probation or their family just forgot about them.
这里有很多好人，但是这里也是很多“过气人”的收容所，前帮派成员、前皮条客、前妓女、刑满释放人员、缓刑期满人员，或者是那些被家人遗忘的人。

So, they end up coming down here. It's something down here and it's kind of like Paul, when he said in the church, during the, excuse me, "you can stay down here or you can go to heaven".
他们最终来到了这里。这里有一些事情，有点像保罗在教堂里说的，“你可以留在这里，也可以去天堂”。

When you come to Skid Row, you have to put on your Ephesians 6:18, your whole armor of God.
当你来到贫民窟时，你得穿上以弗所书6:18所提到的上帝所赐的全副军装。

Because even when you don't want to do something, you see somebody doing something, so you end up wanting to do it.
因为即使你原本不想做某事，看到别人在做，你最终也会想做。

About 400,000 people are at risk of facing eviction due to COVID-19 and all our elected officials are doing are passing eviction moratoriums.
大约40万人因新冠疫情面临被驱逐的风险，而我们所有的民选官员都在努力暂停驱逐令。

Well, after the moratorium, somebody has to pay that rent, right?
暂停之后，总得有人付那笔租金，对吧？

And so, after the moratorium, all landlords are going to do is proceed with evictions, right, with the eviction process.
在暂停令结束之后，那些房东还是会继续驱逐弱势群体。

And so, we're asking them to cancel rent. It's small movements like this that will shift theparadigm. We can't focus on the hate.
我们要求他们免租。这样的小举动会改变现状。我们不能只关注仇恨。

We can't focus on what's going on in Washington D.C. We need to focus right here at home, individually with each person you meet and see.
我们不能只关注华盛顿特区发生的事情。我们需要把注意力放在国内，着眼于每一个遇到和看到的人。

The Oxford University team behind the study says any drink at or above 65C is "very hot" and poses a potential risk. Compared with people who drank "warm" beverages, those who consumed "very hot" ones had around a three times higher risk of squamouscell oesophageal cancer.
开展这项研究的牛津大学团队表示，任何温度达到或超过 65 摄氏度的饮品都 “非常烫”，可能带来潜在风险。与饮用 “温热” 饮品的人相比，饮用 “非常烫” 饮品的人患食管鳞状细胞癌的风险约为其三倍多。

There are several thousand cases each year in the UK, but experts stress the overall chance of getting this cancer of the gullet is still low. Smoking and drinking alcohol are far bigger established risk factors, although waiting a few minutes for your hot drink to cool a bit is advisable.
英国每年有数千例食管癌病例，但专家强调，就普通人群而言，患上这种食管癌的总体风险仍然较低。吸烟和饮酒是已被证实、影响更大的风险因素。不过，等上几分钟，让热饮稍微冷却后再喝仍是明智之举。

Dolphins are what we call charismatic megafauna, which means that people view them as charismatic.
海豚被我们称作是魅力大型动物，因为它们真的很有魅力。

People get excited about some animals more than they get excited about others.
人们有时候更偏爱某一类动物。

But that's okay, because then we can use that to get them to conserve in general.
但没关系，因为我们可以利用人们的偏爱去保护更多动物。

So, if they're conserving the dolphins that means we're conserving their habitat, which means we are conserving all the animals that live in that habitat as well.
如果人们保护海豚，就会保护它们的栖息地，这也意味着我们同时也在保护生活在那个栖息地的所有动物。

Hi, guys. My name is Dr. Kelly Jaakkola. I am a cognitive researcher, right now work with dolphins.
我是凯利·贾科拉博士，从事认知研究，现在主要研究海豚。

You want to do a high five? No? This one? You can't really reach. I know it is hard to reach up here.
想击个掌吗？不想？这个呢？你其实够不到。我知道这个高度你够不到。

For other people, they might get inspired by the dolphin's beauty or their athleticism etc.
其他人可能对海豚美丽的外形或是运动天赋更感兴趣。

I know. Very nice. I know. Oh, you want to come play too? What do you think?
我知道。非常好。我知道。你也想来玩吗？你觉得呢？

For me it was watching them think. Wow, now it's yourturn? Now it's yourturn?
我喜欢看着它们思考。现在轮到你了？

So, Dolphin Research Center is a non-profit research and education facility in the Florida Keys.
海豚研究中心是佛罗里达群岛的一个非营利性研究和教育机构。

And there are a number of questions that you can't answer in the wild.
在自然界里有许多问题你无法找到答案。

You'll see situations where they seem to be cooperating. They seem to be doing the same thing at the same time.
有时候你会看到海豚似乎在合作。也有可能它们只是恰好在同一时间做着同样的事情。

But you can't tell from just looking at that whether or not they're understanding cooperation or if they're just doing something at the same time.
但你仅凭观察无法判断他们是在理解合作，还是只是同时在做某件事。

In this study we set up a game. And the game was, we had two buttons and to win the game, the dolphins had to press the buttons at the same time within a one second window which is really, really close.
在这项研究中，我们设置了一个游戏。游戏内容是，我们有两个按钮，而为了赢得游戏，海豚必须在同一秒的时间窗口内同时按下按钮，这个时间差真的非常短。

So, in order to show that they understand cooperation, you have to sometimes send them at different times.
为了表明他们理解合作，你有时必须让他们在不同时间出发。

Okay, so, Reese was sent first. And you see he doesn't go immediately to his button. And now Delta was sent and we'll see, and they did it!
里斯先被放出来了。但它并没有直接去触碰按钮。现在德尔塔也被放出来了，我们来看看，他们做到了！

By the end of this study, they were pressing an average of a third of a second apart which is really tight coordination.
研究结束时，它们触碰按钮的平均时差是三分之一秒，这是非常紧密的合作。

The most obvious next step is okay, well how are they doing it? Are the dolphins using some sort of verbal communication?
接下来最明显的问题是，它们是如何做到的呢？海豚在用某种语言交流吗？

Maybe they are using synchrony, so maybe they sync up with each other and swim together etc.
也许它们使用了共时性，也许它们会彼此同步，一起游动等等。

Other questions we can look at are: are there ways that that cooperation in the wild might be disrupted?
我们还可以研究其他问题：是否有一些因素会扰乱它们的合作？

So, for example, if they are using a kind of vocal communication, then noise pollution might get in the way of that.
例如，如果海豚在以某种形式的语言交流，那么噪音污染就可能会干扰这种交流。

Alright, are you guys ready? Any sort of facility has to have a way of supporting their animals.
好了，你们准备好了吗？任何动物机构都必须找到方法保护这些动物。

And for us, that largely comes from the visitors that walk through the door.
我们的方式主要就是让人们前来参观。

One of the big roles that marine mammal facilities play is getting people to make a connection in order to get people to conserve and then care.
海洋哺乳动物机构的一个重要作用就是帮助人们与动物建立联系，然后让他们去保护动物、关爱动物。

And it's that moment of connection that is the start of conservation mindedness.
这种联系正是动物保护意识的开端。

You know, it's fine to give people information. Information is great.
进行科普是很好的。

But that information is only useful if people care enough to actually go out and do something.
但只有当人们足够关心并真正走出去采取行动时，这些科普才有意义。