英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

Thanks to data collected by satellites, scientists have a good understanding of Antarctica's icy surface, but what lies beneath has remained more of a mystery. In fact, more is known about the surface of some planets in our solar system than much of what's under the continent's ice.
得益于人造卫星采集到的数据，科学家们对南极洲的冰层表面有良好的认识，但潜藏其下的部分则一直更像是一个谜题。实际上，人类对我们太阳系中一些行星表面的了解甚至超过了对这片大陆冰下世界的认识。

Now, researchers have used a new approach to create what they believe to be the most detailed map of the landscape yet. The ridges, mountains, and channels shape how fast the glaciers above move, and understanding the topography could help scientists work out how quickly the ice might retreat in a warming climate.
现在，研究人员采用了一种新方法，绘制出了他们认为迄今为止最详尽的描绘这片景观的地形图。冰下的山脊、山脉和沟槽决定了上方冰川移动的速度，了解这些地形细节能帮助科学家计算出冰层随着不断变暖的气候可能会以多快的速度消退。

The scientists say more research is needed to give greater confidence in their findings, but they hope the new map will ultimately improve understanding of the potential impact on sea levels from Antarctica's melting ice.
科学家们表示，他们需要展开更多研究以提高这些发现的可信度，但他们希望这幅新地图最终能提升人类对南极冰层融化对海平面潜在影响的认识。

Many of us grew up learning that humans have five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch – an idea dating back to the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. But what if this list is incomplete? A sense is anything that can give your body information about the outside world, and some of these don't neatly fit into the traditional five. Modern scientists estimate there may be up to 33 different senses.
我们中的许多人在成长过程中都知道人类有五种感官：视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉和触觉——这个想法可以追溯到古希腊哲学家亚里士多德。 但如果这个列表不完整怎么办？ 感觉是任何可以为你的身体提供有关外部世界信息的东西，其中一些并不完全符合传统的五种感觉。 现代科学家估计可能有多达 33 种不同的感觉。

One sense that doesn't fit into one of the five boxes is proprioception. This is the sense of where your body parts are in space. Thanks to this sense, you can touch your nose with your eyes closed and walk around in the dark – you know where your legs are without looking. Then there's interoception which helps you sense things inside your body, like hunger and an increased heart rate. And don't take your sense of balance for granted. Balance relies on fluid in your inner ear to help you stay upright – this is what's called vestibular perception.
本体感觉是一种不属于这五个框之一的感觉。 这是你的身体部位在空间中的位置的感觉。 多亏了这种感觉，你可以闭上眼睛摸鼻子，在黑暗中走来走去——不用看就知道你的腿在哪里。 然后是内感受，可以帮助您感知体内的事物，例如饥饿和心率加快。 并且不要认为你的平衡感是理所当然的。 平衡依靠内耳中的液体来帮助您保持直立——这就是所谓的前庭感知。

And the traditional five senses might not be as simple as they seem. Touch, the sense we associate with our hands and tactile sensations, also encompasses the sensation of pain, temperature and itch. To perceive the flavours in food and drink, you need a combination of taste, smell and touch to get the full experience – it's not all about the taste buds on your tongue! It is actually smell that contributes most of what we perceive as taste, so when a person suffers olfactory loss, they often can't enjoy food as much, according to a 2022 study published in Foods by Fjaeldstad and Smith.
传统的五种感官可能并不像看上去那么简单。 触觉是我们与手和触觉联系在一起的感觉，也包括疼痛、温度和瘙痒的感觉。 要感知食物和饮料的味道，您需要味觉、嗅觉和触觉的结合才能获得完整的体验——这不仅仅是舌头上的味蕾！ 根据 Fjaeldstad 和 Smith 于 2022 年在《食品》杂志上发表的一项研究，实际上，我们所感知的味觉大部分是由气味决定的，因此，当一个人丧失嗅觉时，他们通常无法充分享受食物。

Until recently, philosophers and scientists have studied each of the traditional five senses in isolation, but researchers at the University of London's Centre for the Study of the Senses have more of a multisensory approach – the senses are all working together to create an overall picture. In their 'Rethinking the Senses' project, they found that our perception of salt, sweet and sour flavours is reduced when there is white noise, but our perception of umami is not. This means that sound can enhance flavour, and that umami-rich foods like tomato juice might taste better on a plane.
直到最近，哲学家和科学家们还单独研究了传统的五种感官，但伦敦大学感官研究中心的研究人员更多地采用了多感官方法——所有感官一起工作以创建一个整体图景。 在他们的“重新思考感官”项目中，他们发现，当存在白噪音时，我们对盐、甜和酸味的感知会降低，但我们对鲜味的感知却不会。 这意味着声音可以增强味道，而番茄汁等富含鲜味的食物在飞机上可能味道更好。

So, perhaps humans are far more sensory creatures than Aristotle ever imagined. From balance and body awareness to the way sound can change flavour, our senses are constantly working together in ways we rarely notice.
所以，也许人类是比亚里士多德想象的更加感性的生物。 从平衡和身体意识到声音改变味道的方式，我们的感官以我们很少注意到的方式不断地协同工作。

72-year-old Samaila Adamu is repairing this faulty generator using very unique tools.
72岁的Samaila Adamu正在用非常独特的工具修理这台有故障的发电机。

After losing his vision 26 years ago, Adamu learned to spot motorized faults through sound and touch.
26年前失明后，Adamu学会了通过声音和触觉来识别机动故障。

When people bring generators for repairs, I touched the parts and feel them, then I know what's wrong with them.
当人们把发电机送来维修时，我触摸并感受那些零件，就能知道问题出在哪里。

Adamu makes less than five dollars on every generator repair, nearly enough to provide for his three wives and 19 children. But he says it keeps him from begging on the streets.
Adamu每修好一台发电机只能赚不到五美元，勉强够养活他的三位妻子和十九个孩子。但他说这至少让他不必上街乞讨。

It helps me provide food to feed myself, my wives and children. I don't receive assistance from anyone.
这帮助我提供食物养活自己和妻儿，我不接受任何人的援助。

There are over 1 million blind Nigerians and about 3 million living with visual impairments.
尼日利亚有超过100万盲人以及约300万视力障碍者。

The Nigerian Association for the Blind says many are living in abject poverty.
尼日利亚盲人协会表示，许多人生活在赤贫之中。

You can't separate disability with poverty because most of those of us that have visual impairment are from poor homes.
残疾与贫困无法分割，因为我们大多数视力障碍者都来自贫困家庭。

And even with our parents who are well-to-do, maybe we would have gone to better hospitals for better treatment. We wouldn't have been blind.
即便我们的父母家境优渥，或许我们本可以去更好的医院接受更优质的治疗，也不至于失明。

President Muhammadu Buhari in January 2019 signed into law the Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities Act,
2019年1月，总统穆罕马杜·布哈里签署了《禁止歧视残障人士法案》，

for Nigeria's visually impaired like special education teacher Liki Idris says, they still face bias when looking for work.
但对于像特殊教育教师利基·伊德里斯这样的尼日利亚视障人士来说，他们在求职时仍会遭遇偏见。

When I go to any place to, I mean to apply for a job and they turn me down, you know, I feel so dejected.
每当我前往某处求职却被拒绝时，我感觉非常沮丧。

What I feel those people are looking at is the impairment I'm going all about with.
我感觉那些人所关注的是我一直以来所面临的缺陷。

Nigerian authorities plan to follow up on the Disabilities Act by establishing a National Commission for the disabled to ensure access to education and work.
尼日利亚当局计划通过设立国家残疾人委员会来落实法案，以确保残疾人能够接受教育和获得工作机会。

Are you one of those people that sees faces in inanimate objects? Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have been trying to find out why this is. They have pinpointed a circuit in an evolutionarily ancient part of the brain. It's called the superior colliculus, and it helps us recognise facial features. It triggers movement of the eyes, turning of the head and enables us to detect faces.
您是那些在无生命物体中看到面孔的人之一吗？ 美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员一直试图找出其中的原因。 他们在大脑中一个进化古老的部分中找到了一个回路。 它被称为上丘，它帮助我们识别面部特征。 它会触发眼睛的运动、头部的转动，并使我们能够检测面部。

This study helps us understand face pareidolia – the common psychological phenomenon where the brain perceives illusions of faces in objects, like seeing faces in the clouds, exteriors of houses or even in a slice of toast. A study carried out by Susan Wardle showed that the parts of the human brain that respond to faces are sensitive to the shapes of other objects, and that our visual system is optimised for detecting face-like structures.
这项研究帮助我们理解面部空想症——一种常见的心理现象，大脑在物体中感知到面部的幻觉，例如看到云中、房屋外部甚至一片吐司中的面孔。 苏珊·沃德尔 (Susan Wardle) 进行的一项研究表明，人脑中对面部做出反应的部分对其他物体的形状很敏感，而且我们的视觉系统针对检测类似面部的结构进行了优化

To test whether the superior colliculus might help in face detection specifically, researchers assembled a collection of images, including faces, biological non-face objects, like hands and arms, and other miscellaneous items. They then showed these images to adult monkeys in their peripheral field and recorded neural responses in the superior colliculus. It was found that detection of faces was much faster and preferred by neurons. This explains how our brains do it.
为了测试上丘是否有助于面部检测，研究人员收集了一系列图像，包括面部、生物非面部物体（例如手和手臂）以及其他杂项。 然后，他们将这些图像展示给成年猴子的外周视野，并记录上丘的神经反应。 研究发现，面部检测速度要快得多，并且受到神经元的青睐。 这解释了我们的大脑是如何做到这一点的。

But why do our brains do it? Well, it's mainly for survival. According to Dr Amanda Robinson at the University of Queensland, face pareidolia tells us a lot about how we recognise social cues. We can determine whether the person or thing looking at us is a threat because of their facial expression. Richard Krauzlis, senior author of the study, explained that "quick recognition is a key skill in humans and other primates", such as gorillas and chimps. Additionally, biologists have observed human facial recognition and neural developments among species ranging from dogs, sheep, birds and even some insects.
但是我们的大脑为什么要这么做呢？ 嗯，主要是为了生存。 昆士兰大学的阿曼达·罗宾逊博士表示，面部幻想性错觉告诉我们很多关于如何识别社交线索的信息。 我们可以通过面部表情来确定看着我们的人或物是否构成威胁。 该研究的资深作者理查德·克劳兹利斯（Richard Krauzlis）解释说，“快速识别是人类和其他灵长类动物（例如大猩猩和黑猩猩）的一项关键技能”。 此外，生物学家还观察了狗、羊、鸟类甚至一些昆虫等物种的人类面部识别和神经发育。

What we know about recognition of faces and expression can further inform research on conditions such as autism, where face detection and recognition are often impaired from early childhood. It also helps us understand why we think we saw a friendly face in the living room wallpaper.
我们对面部和表情识别的了解可以进一步为自闭症等疾病的研究提供信息，自闭症等疾病的面部检测和识别能力往往从幼儿时期就受到损害。 它还可以帮助我们理解为什么我们认为在客厅壁纸中看到了一张友好的面孔。

As a puppeteer, I make puppets as well. I build my own puppets. I perform.
作为一个木偶师，我也制作木偶。我自己做木偶，自己表演。

If it's my own production, then I have to write the story.
如果是我自己的作品，那我就得写故事了。

People love puppeteers. Whenever I tell people, people ask me, "What do you do?"
人们喜欢木偶师。每当我和别人交流时，他们就会问我：“你是做什么的？”

I say, "I'm a puppeteer." And everybody's first reaction, "Oh."
我说“我是个木偶师。”他们的第一反应都是“哇。”

Puppetry is such a magical art form because it brings things to life just by moving it.
木偶戏是一种神奇的艺术形式，因为它仅仅通过动作就能赋予木偶生命。

And the reason why it's so magical, it not only depends on my own imagination, but it also depends on audience's imagination,
木偶戏的神奇之处，不仅取决于我自己的想象力，也取决于观众的想象力。

because if I am moving these things and then as if this is moving by itself,
因为如果我操纵木偶，就好像是它们自己在动，

but as the audience, I am using my imagination when I move it because I'm looking at you.
但作为观众，我在操纵木偶时运用了想象力，因为我必须看着观众。

I'm looking at myself, but the trick is the audience, they have to invest their own imagination.
我也在审视自己，但关键在于观众得投入自己的想象力。

You have to buy it in order to make it reasonable, right, make it real. I think this imagination, the day when you were born, is in you.
你需要相信我的表演，然后才会觉得合理，觉得真实。我认为人类天生具备想象力。

Everybody can imagine, like when you look at the clouds, "Oh, it's a bird. It's a butterfly." It's just a piece of cloud, but everybody has the imagination.
每个人都会想象，比如说看着云朵时会想：“这朵云像一只鸟，那朵像一只蝴蝶。”那只是一朵云而已，但是每个人都会发挥自己的想象力。

But creatively, people forget about it because, you know, when you are growing up and people say, "This is just a pair of glasses, leave it there", you know, and for many different reasons.
但人们往往会忘记自己具有想象力，因为在你成长的过程中，人们会说：“这不过是一副眼镜，把它放在那儿就行。”当然其中的原因有很多。

But puppetry really stirs up all your internal, you know, imagination, creativity.
但木偶戏可以激发你所有内在的想象力和创造力。

This comes out with simple movements, simple dialogue, simple music, sound, and then put it together.
木偶戏通过简单的动作、对话、音乐和音效呈现出来，然后组合在一起。

And right away, audience understands what you tried to tell them. So, it's fascinating. I'm still learning it. I'm still discovering new things every day.
观众立刻就能明白你想传达的内容，这非常有趣。我仍在学习，每天都在发现新事物。

What can be better than you do something and people love it and pay you for it? That's the best.
还有什么比你做某件事、人们喜欢它并为此付钱给你更好的呢？