英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

Science is everything. Science is how society accomplishes being a society.
科学就是一切。科学是社会得以成为社会的方式。

Science is how everything gets done. It's how we move forward. It's how all our products get built and made better.
科学是一切得以实现的方式。科学是我们前进的动力。科学是我们制造所有产品并使其不断完善的途径。

We wouldn't be anywhere if we didn't have scientists constantly asking: How does this work? Can I make that? Can I make this better? Science is everything.
如果没有科学家不断追问：这是如何运作的？我能制造那个吗？还能怎样改进？我们将一事无成。科学就是一切。

Even in high school, I knew I wanted to be an astronaut, but I had no idea what it took to be an astronaut. There's no one path to get to where I am today.
早在高中，我就知道自己想成为一名宇航员，但我并不清楚成为宇航员需要付出什么。其实成为宇航员没有一条固定的道路，

Some people are scientists, some people are engineers, some people are medical doctors, some people come from the military,
有些宇航员还是科学家、工程师或者医生，有些甚至是军人，

because what we need as astronauts are people that can do a lot of different things.
因为我们需要的宇航员是能够胜任多种工作的人。

We need lots of diverse people and we need diversity within a single person.
我很需要各种各样的人，也需要每个人具备多样性。

I was actually born and raised in Houston and so, having the Johnson Space Center in my backyard always stoked that interest for me,
我在休斯顿出生长大，约翰逊航天中心就在我家后院，总是激发着我的兴趣，

because I was always aware of what we were doing and what was going on and I spent about six months in space in 2010.
因为我一直清楚我们在做什么，也清楚发生了什么，我在2010年在太空待了大约六个月。

My ride to and from the Space Station was on the Soyuz spacecraft and I was actually trained as the co-pilot on there.
我乘坐联盟号运载火箭往返空间站，实际上我在空间站接受了副驾驶的培训。

So, I spent a lot of time in Russia, training and understanding, learning how to fly that spacecraft.
我在俄罗斯花了很多时间进行训练和学习，了解并掌握如何驾驶那艘宇宙飞船。

We will wake up in the morning. Overnight, the control centers have uplinked a schedule to us and what they want us to do that day is what we do that day.
我们会在早上醒来。夜间，控制中心已经向我们上传了一份日程表，他们希望我们当天做什么，我们就做什么。

And it could be maintenance. It could be science. It could be rearranging the space station. It could be dealing with stowages.
可能是维修、科学研究、重新布置空间站或是处理积载问题。

It's just whatever the ground needs to accomplish. And so, you do a little bit of everything in space.
地面中心的一切需求都是我们的任务。在空间站要做各种各样的事情。

And I remember very distinctly, for about the first month that I was in orbit, I would wake up almost every night feeling like I needed to turn over.
我清楚地记得，大约在进入轨道的第一个月里，我几乎每晚醒来时都感觉需要翻身。

But that doesn't do any good in space and so, you just sort of shuffle around a bit and go back to sleep.
但这在太空中没什么用，你只能稍微挪动一下，然后接着睡觉。

Living in space is easy. Coming back, it's pretty hard. You have lots of aches and pains because you haven't walked around for a long time.
在太空里生活很容易，不过回地球之后就不那么容易了。你会浑身酸痛，因为你很长时间都没有走动过了。

I mean you float in space and so, we do a lot of exercises that keep us healthy, but you haven't sat down for a long time.
在太空里我们一直是漂浮的，所以需要做很多锻炼来保持健康，但是很长一段时间都没有坐下来过了。

So, it gets uncomfortable to sit down for long periods of time because your body is not used to it. We're still in such early stages of the human spaceflight era.
长时间坐着会变得不舒服，因为你的身体还不习惯。我们仍处于人类太空飞行时代的早期阶段。

We're starting off relatively slowly, but I think as time passes, we will just get more and more people and countries into space and I think, ultimately, we will be truly a spacefaring world.
我们起步相对较慢，但我认为随着时间的推移，将会有越来越多的人和国家的进入太空，我认为，最终我们将成为一个遨游太空的世界。

We will be going to other planets and establishing bases and other places to live. I think that is where we're going to end up.
我们将前往其他行星，建立基地和其他居住地。我认为这就是我们最终的归宿。

This may look like an ordinary plastic straw and it may even be like one too, but it is not made of plastic.
这看起来可能像一根普通的塑料吸管，但它并非由塑料制成。

Cameron Ross started the Celise BioProducts company to produce single-use plastic alternatives from plant materials like these.
卡梅隆·罗斯创立了Celise BioProducts公司，利用这些植物材料生产一次性塑料替代品。

They are made of polylactic acid known as PLA from corn starches.
它们是由玉米淀粉中提取出的聚乳酸(PLA)制成的。

We work with food service providers, predominantly larger brands, to help them get quality sustainable and cost-effective solutions, made from plants to start getting rid of single-use plastics.
我们与食品服务供应商（主要是大型品牌）合作，帮助他们获得优质、可持续且具有成本效益的解决方案，这些成品由植物制成，以开始淘汰一次性塑料。

Single-use plastics such as bottles or straws are major cause of pollution.
瓶子或吸管等一次性塑料是造成污染的主要原因。

When we throw these away, they end up in a landfill or in the water like rivers.
当我们扔掉这些东西时，它们最终会进入垃圾填埋场或像河流这样的水域。

According to researchers, it could take up to more than 500 years for them to properly decompose.
据研究人员称，它们可能需要超过500年才能完全分解。

Ross says he wasn't always so environmentally conscious himself.
罗斯说，他以前并没有很强的环保意识。

But ever since the hiking trip in West Virginia, when he spent more time picking up trash than enjoying nature, his priorities changed.
但自从在西弗吉尼亚州的那次徒步旅行后，他就改变了想法，当时他花在捡垃圾上的时间比享受大自然还多。

That meant making biodegradable products that can break down in only a few years.
这意味着要制造可在短短几年内降解的生物可降解产品。

While many cafes and restaurants are choosing paper products to be more eco-conscious, it isn't cheap.
虽然许多咖啡馆和餐馆选择纸质产品是为了更加环保，但其成本并不便宜。

Paper straws can cost about eight times more than plastic straws.
纸质吸管的价格大约是塑料吸管的八倍。

But bioplastic straws cost less than a penny a straw, not even double the price of plastic ones.
但生物塑料吸管每根的成本不到一美分，甚至还不到塑料吸管价格的两倍。

Another problem with paper straws is that they get soggy.
纸质吸管的另一个问题是它们会变软。

You don't want to be sipping something that alters your drink or starts to melt while you're drinking.
你不会想在喝东西的时候，喝到那种会改变饮品味道或者开始融化的东西。

And then you have to get another paper straw, which creates more wastes than needed.
然后你必须再拿一根纸吸管，这样产生的废品反而更多。

Ross hopes his Washington DC-based company will provide an eco-friendly solution for food service providers.
罗斯希望他这家总部位于华盛顿特区的公司能为食品服务供应商提供一个环保解决方案。

Across the gallery, mannequin after mannequin is dressed in some of the most memorable outfits of the Queen's life.
展厅内，一个个的立式模特身着女王生前最令人难忘的经典华服。

Her wedding dress has been painstakingly restored, and there are shows of diplomatic dressing.
她的婚纱经过悉心修复，正与她一系列外交场合礼服一同展出。

The 1950s ball gown from her first state visit to America, and a glittering gown for a visit to India, adorned with lotus flower motifs.
其中包括她首次出访美国时穿过的 20 世纪 50 年代舞会礼服，以及访问印度时穿着的一条饰有莲花图案的闪亮长裙。

Also on display, her peach-coloured dress from the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics. Alongside it is a replica created for the stuntman, who was her body double to parachute into the stadium. Each item tells a story.
一同展出的还有她在 2012 年伦敦奥运会开幕式上穿的那件桃红色衣裙。这条裙子旁边陈列着一件专为特技替身演员制作的复制品，当年那位替身演员正是身着它空降到了体育场内。每件展品背后都诉说着一段故事。

Many mark significant events in British history. Others show the more private, dressed down moments of a monarch who was an early fashion influencer.
其中许多服饰都见证了英国历史中的重大时刻。而另一些则展示了这位君主作为早期 潮流引领者更私密、穿着低调的时刻。

Overpriced shop-bought sandwiches, underwhelming food from your work canteen or pricey local restaurants. If those are the alternatives, then it's unsurprising that many of us think leftovers make the perfect lunch. Leftovers are a good way to cut down on food waste. If you've cooked them yourself, then you can be sure what all the ingredients are and where they've come from. But how safe are leftovers? Could there be a danger lurking in your lunchbox?
商店购买的三明治价格过高，工作食堂或当地昂贵餐馆的食物平淡无奇。 如果这些都是替代方案，那么我们中的许多人认为剩菜是完美的午餐就不足为奇了。 剩菜剩饭是减少食物浪费的好方法。 如果您自己煮过它们，那么您可以确定所有成分是什么以及它们来自哪里。 但剩菜有多安全呢？ 你的午餐盒里是否潜藏着危险？

It's not just you that loves your leftovers. The BBC's Trust Me, I'm a Doctor programme tells us that they are also great for bacteria like listeria, salmonella and campylobacter. They can nourish themselves on the food we love and multiply incredibly quickly. One campylobacter bacterium can multiply to 70,000 million bacteria in just 12 hours. Food poisoning caused by these bacteria usually makes people mildly unwell but can also cause more serious life-threatening illnesses. What do we need to think about to keep our leftovers safe?
不只是你喜欢吃剩菜。 BBC 的“相信我，我是医生”节目告诉我们，它们对于李斯特菌、沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌等细菌也很有用。 它们可以靠我们喜爱的食物来滋养自己，并以惊人的速度繁殖。 一个弯曲杆菌可以在短短 12 小时内繁殖到 700 亿个细菌。 这些细菌引起的食物中毒通常会使人出现轻微不适，但也可能导致更严重的危及生命的疾病。 为了保证剩菜的安全，我们需要考虑什么？

Temperature control is important to stop bacteria growing on your food. Food safety experts warn of a danger zone between 8C and 63C. At these temperatures bacteria can grow easily on your leftover food. Refrigerating your leftovers slows bacteria growth, and this is why experts recommend putting your leftover food in the fridge within two hours. You should also cover any food in the refrigerator because air can contain contaminants, and also, many pathogens need oxygen to grow. However, do remember that fridges only slow bacteria growth, not stop it, so most leftovers should only be left in the fridge for two days.
温度控制对于阻止细菌在食物上生长非常重要。 食品安全专家警告说，8 摄氏度至 63 摄氏度之间存在危险区域。 在这样的温度下，细菌很容易在剩下的食物上生长。 冷藏剩菜可以减缓细菌的生长，这就是为什么专家建议在两小时内将剩菜放入冰箱的原因。 您还应该盖住冰箱中的所有食物，因为空气中可能含有污染物，而且许多病原体需要氧气才能生长。 但是，请记住，冰箱只能减缓细菌的生长，而不能阻止细菌的生长，因此大多数剩菜只能在冰箱中保存两天。

Temperature is also important if you are reheating leftovers. Instructions often recommend heating food until it's piping hot or steaming hot throughout. Clinical microbiology lecturer Primrose Freestone recommends that ovens are set to at least 163C and that food's internal temperature should reach at least 74C. Other experts tell us that food heated in the microwave should be stirred halfway through the process so that it's cooked all the way through.
如果您要重新加热剩菜，温度也很重要。 说明书通常建议加热食物，直到整个食物变得滚烫或热气腾腾。 临床微生物学讲师Primrose Freestone建议烤箱温度至少设置为163摄氏度，食物内部温度至少应达到74摄氏度。 其他专家告诉我们，用微波炉加热的食物应该在过程中途搅拌，以便完全煮熟。

Leftovers can be an economical way to cut down on food waste. However, it's important that we store and reheat food carefully to make sure that it stays safe to eat.
剩菜是减少食物浪费的一种经济方法。 然而，重要的是我们要小心储存和重新加热食物，以确保其食用安全。

If you've been on one of these calls, you've probably experienced people talking over each other. And then, there's this.
如果你参加过这样的电话会议，大概经历过大家互相抢话的情况。然后，就会出现这样的状况。

If someone's dog comes into it or someone stops paying attention, then you might miss what someone is saying.
如果有人的狗闯进来了，或者有人走神了，那么你可能会错过别人正在说的话。

Ryan Ottens' online business class in virtual reality or VR eliminates the distractions of a video conference call.
瑞安·奥滕斯（Ryan Ottens）的虚拟现实在线商务课程消除了视频会议中的干扰因素。

I can't see my phone. I can't see an email pop-up. So I'm fully focused on a great learning environment.
我看不见我的手机，看不到弹出的电子邮件。我全心投入于营造一个绝佳的学习环境。

Pagoni VR through its project Chimera created the VR experience with Ottens' class at Temple University.
帕戈尼虚拟现实公司通过其“奇美拉”项目，与奥滕斯所在的天普大学班级共同打造了虚拟现实体验。

The students appear as avatars in the virtual classroom and the teacher shows up as either an avatar or real video that's live or recorded.
学生们以虚拟形象出现在虚拟教室中，而老师则通过实时的虚拟形象或录制的真实视频现身。

This still gets the feeling of being a community. Our sound is positional. So if that person spoke and they were to my left, I knew to look to the left and I would see them.
这依然能感受到社区的归属感，我们的声音具有定位性。如果说话人在我左边， 我就知道要看向左边，然后就能看到他们。

Improvements in VR hardware allow headsets and handheld controllers to track head and hand movements through cameras and sensors.
虚拟现实硬件的改进使得耳机和手持控制器能够通过摄像头和传感器追踪头部和手部的动作。

When participants move their hands in the real world, your avatar's hands also move.
当参与者在现实世界中移动手时，虚拟形象的手也会跟着移动。

The technology has allowed a growing number of companies such as Pagoni VR to create a virtual reality meeting space for users.
这项技术让越来越多的公司，比如帕戈尼虚拟现实公司，能够为用户打造虚拟现实会议空间。

With increased demand, the biggest challenge is getting VR headsets during the pandemic shutdowns.
随着需求增加，最大的挑战是在疫情封锁期间获取虚拟现实耳机。

Harder availability, a lot of it is where the hardware, is manufacturers, so a point being made that a lot of this is coming from China.
获取难度更大，很多问题出在硬件制造商方面，所以有人指出很多硬件都来自中国。

As factories start making headsets again, anyone thinking of trying a VR meeting probably shouldn't be immersed for more than an hour at a time in a heavy headset, warns Ottens.
当工厂又开始生产耳机时， 任何想尝试虚拟现实会议的人，每次佩戴沉重的耳机可能不应超过一小时。

Usually the dizziness and headaches would start towards the last five to ten minutes, I could tell, it was right around the time, it was almost like my body's like I'm done.
通常头晕和头痛会在最后五到十分钟开始，我能感觉到，差不多就是那个时候，几乎像是我的身体在说我不行了。

Other applications for a VR meeting include worship services and entertainment.
虚拟现实会议的其他应用还包括宗教仪式和娱乐活动。