Inside Matters

• Decoding the Microbiome: Genetic Discoveries with Dr. Ran Blekhman

  In this episode, Dr. James McIlroy interviews Dr. Ran Blekhman, an associate professor at the University of Chicago, about the microbiome and its role as 'our second genome.' Dr. Blekhman shares his research findings on the genetic and environmental factors that shape the microbiome, the heritability of microbial genes, and the relationship between the human genome and microbiome. They also discuss Dr. Blekhman's groundbreaking research that analysed over 168,000 samples to understand global microbiome patterns, the influence of early-life microbiome development, and the potential of microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Tune in for a comprehensive dive into one of the most promising areas of genetic and microbial research. 00:00 Introduction to Dr. R Blackman and the Microbiome 01:23 Podcast Growth and Listener Engagement 01:56 Starting the Conversation with Dr. Blackman 02:04 Exploring the Second Genome 02:24 Human Genome vs. Microbiome 03:23 Genetic Interactions with the Microbiome 04:02 Understanding Microbial Genes and Functions 05:40 Heritability and Environmental Factors 06:53 Microbiome Diversity and Heritability 08:57 Research on Microbiome Heritability 17:18 Baboon Model System for Microbiome Studies 18:56 Population Scale Microbiome Research 25:27 Global Patterns and Data Integration 33:36 The Untapped Potential of Microbiome Data 35:08 Hypotheses and Discoveries in Microbiome Research 36:46 Geographical Variations in Microbiome 49:18 Technical Challenges and Methodologies 52:20 AI and Machine Learning in Microbiome Studies 54:59 Future Directions and Clinical Applications 01:00:38 Exploring Early Life Microbiome 01:03:30 Conclusion and Further Reading

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• Exploring the Frontiers of Microbiome Science — A Conversation with Dr Johan van Hylckama Vlieg

  In this episode of Inside Matters, I'm joined by Dr Johan van Hylckama Vlieg, Chief Scientific Officer at Freya Biosciences. As a global leader in microbiome research, Freya is pioneering innovative approaches to women’s health through biotherapeutics that are rooted in groundbreaking microbiome science. 00:00 Introduction to Dr. Johan van Hylckama Vlieg and Freya Biosciences 01:39 The Potential of the Microbiome 03:08 Challenges in Translating Microbiome Science to Treatments 05:29 The Rise and Fall of Microbiome Hype 08:58 Immunotherapy and the Microbiome 20:37 Women's Health and the Microbiome 35:01 Tools for Measuring Vaginal Dysbiosis 35:31 Intervention Studies and Donor Programs 36:23 Engraftment and Immune Response 37:39 Strain-Level Analysis and Engraftome 39:08 Vaginal Microbial Transplantation 44:13 Single Strain vs. Consortia 47:15 Freya's Development and Future Vision 50:04 Lessons from Kaleido 01:00:47 The Gates Foundation and Global Health 01:03:45 Predictions for the Microbiome Field A Hidden World with Huge Potential Dr van Hylckama Vlieg has spent more than 20 years exploring the vast and complex world of the microbiome — the trillions of microbes that live in and on our bodies. These tiny organisms play a huge role in our health. Over time, science has moved from simply identifying these microbes to understanding how they influence our immune system, metabolism and overall wellbeing. Yet despite this progress, turning those discoveries into real treatments remains a challenge. Dr van Hylckama Vlieg explained that while the science is compelling, the industry needs solid clinical data to bring investors and pharmaceutical companies on board. He sees microbiome-based immunotherapy as a particularly exciting area where transformative breakthroughs could lie ahead. Why Women’s Health Matters Freya Biosciences has chosen to focus on the female reproductive tract — a part of the body where the microbiome is less complex than in the gut but just as important. Dr van Hylckama Vlieg spoke about the key role of lactobacilli in maintaining vaginal health. When these helpful bacteria are dominant, they protect against infections and support fertility. When the balance is lost, a state known as dysbiosis, the risks rise significantly. He also highlighted a wider issue — the historical lack of funding and focus on women’s health. This is something Freya and others in the field are determined to change, and their research is already moving things in the right direction. A Bold New Treatment: Vaginal Microbiota Transplantation One of Freya’s most innovative developments is vaginal microbiota transplantation or VMT. Inspired by the success of faecal microbiota transplants for gut health, this approach involves transferring a healthy vaginal microbiome into someone with dysbiosis. Early results are promising. Many women show a successful shift to a healthier microbial state. Looking ahead, the goal is to leverage the successes of these natural transfers and develop targeted microbial treatments that can be scaled up. This could lead to safe and widely available therapies that restore balance and improve reproductive health. Challenges and the Road Ahead Reflecting on his previous experience at Kaleido, another microbiome venture, Dr van Hylckama Vlieg spoke about the need for strong links between science, clinical design and commercial strategy. Though Kaleido faced setbacks, the underlying science remains solid and is being explored by others in the field. His outlook remains positive. With more trials underway and deeper understanding of how microbiomes influence disease, there is hope that these therapies will move from the lab into everyday medicine. Particularly in areas like immunotherapy, the potential to address root causes rather than just symptoms could be a game-changer. Final Thoughts Dr van Hylckama Vlieg’s insights offer a compelling look into a rapidly evolving area of science. As researchers and companies like Freya push forward, the possibilities for transforming healthcare through the microbiome are growing fast. From improving fertility to preventing infections, these tiny organisms may hold the key to better outcomes for millions — especially in areas of health that have long been underserved.

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• The Future of Nutrition: Exploring Gut Health and GLP-1 Agonists with Dr. Chris Damman

  The Gut-Health Revolution | Dr Chris Damman on Nutrition, Microbiome & the Future of Wellness Dr Chris Damman brings decades of experience from the biotech world and leading global foundations to share his vision for the future of health and nutrition. In this episode, we dive deep into the transformative power of gut health and the emerging science shaping how we eat and live. Gut Health: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science Dr Damman explains why gut health is central to well-being, describing it as a “full-circle” return to ancient wisdom where food is medicine. Backed by science, he shows how whole foods can prevent disease and support healthier lifestyles, without being restrictive or unrealistic. Next-Generation Nutrition: The 4 Fs We explore the idea of “next-generation nutrition” — simple, practical ways to improve your diet with fibre, polyphenols, healthy fats, and fermented foods (the “4 Fs”). These ingredients, found in traditional diets around the world, play a key role in promoting longevity and gut health. GLP-1 Agonists: A Promising Yet Cautious Path Dr Damman discusses the potential of GLP-1 agonists — groundbreaking drugs that help manage appetite, weight, and blood sugar. While powerful, he emphasises the importance of pairing them with real dietary change to avoid over-reliance. Weed, Seed, and Feed: A Gut Health Strategy Using the analogy of gardening, Dr Damman breaks down how to support your microbiome: weed out the harmful bacteria, seed the good ones, and feed them with the right foods. This holistic model offers a sustainable approach to digestive health. Fermented Foods & Probiotics We also cover the role of fermented foods as natural sources of probiotics and why they may be more effective than many commercial supplements. These foods are vital for balancing the gut and reducing inflammation. The Future: Nutrition Tech & Smarter Choices Dr Damman is now focused on innovation, developing a smartphone app that helps people make smarter food choices by understanding nutritional quality at a glance. His work blends science and technology to make healthy eating both accessible and personalised. Conclusion Dr Damman’s insights are a refreshing mix of practical advice and scientific depth. From diet to digital tools, he shows how we can all take charge of our gut health and live longer, healthier lives. Look out for his upcoming book and app, designed to change the way we think about food.   Chapters: 00:00 – Introduction to Dr Chris Damman 01:36 – What is Next-Generation Nutrition? 05:01 – How the Microbiome Journey Began 10:20 – Malnutrition and the Four Fs 17:59 – The Truth About Ultra-Processed Foods 23:22 – GLP-1 Agonists: Are They a Game Changer? 28:45 – The Future of Nutrition and Health 35:49 – Smarter Choices with Nutrient Profiling Tech 40:38 – How to Balance 'Red' Foods in Your Diet 42:11 – Healthier Baking: Tips That Work 43:25 – Personalised Diets for Your Microbiome 46:12 – Understanding FODMAPs and Gut Symptoms 51:51 – Microbiome Therapeutics and Supplements 01:01:38 – What’s Next for FMT (Faecal Microbiota Transplantation)? 01:05:00 – Gut Health Technology on the Horizon 01:10:55 – Final Thoughts and Takeaways

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• Understanding IBS: More Than Just a Nuisance - Prof. Yan Yiannakou

  In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy is joined by Professor Yan Yiannakou to discuss the developments in IBS treatment. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often brushed off as little more than an inconvenience. But in a recent conversation between Dr James McIlroy and Professor Yan Yiannakou, a consultant gastroenterologist with decades of experience, it’s clear that IBS is far more serious than many realise. Their discussion sheds light on the true impact of IBS and the exciting developments in its treatment. IBS: A Closer Look Affecting around 10–15% of the population, IBS can be life-altering for some. Beyond the discomfort, it can seriously disrupt work, relationships, self-confidence, and mental health. Historically, because there was little visible evidence of physical disease, IBS was wrongly considered a psychological condition. Thankfully, this outdated view is changing. New research highlights real physiological changes in the gut, such as immune activation and heightened sensitivity, helping to validate patients’ experiences. Recognising the Symptoms Professor Yiannakou explains that IBS typically involves abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, bloating, and excess wind. Previously labelled a “syndrome” because its causes weren’t well understood, IBS is now recognised as a real disease linked to changes in the gut microbiome and immune system. Symptoms can vary from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain that significantly affects daily life. Breaking Down Misconceptions A key part of the conversation tackles the myth that IBS is “all in the mind.” While stress can worsen symptoms, it is not the root cause. Dismissing IBS as purely psychological can deepen patients’ distress and delay proper care. Professor Yiannakou stresses the importance of treating IBS as the genuine, physical condition it is. What Causes IBS? Although the exact causes are still being explored, IBS often develops after a major gut infection, which can disrupt the gut’s immune system. Treatments are now moving beyond simply managing symptoms like constipation or diarrhoea, with more focus on addressing underlying causes, particularly gut microbiome imbalances. Hope for the Future Research into the microbiome’s role in IBS is opening up new treatment options. Early trials of microbiome-based therapies show promising results, but more work is needed to bring these breakthroughs into everyday clinical practice. Final Thoughts Professor Yiannakou’s insights highlight the urgent need for better recognition and treatment of IBS. Dispelling outdated myths and focusing on the true physiological causes of the condition offers real hope for those living with IBS. As research continues, the future looks brighter for more effective, lasting treatments. The conversation touches on everything from genetic influences on obesity and the challenges of sustained weight loss, to the exciting potential of GLP-1 drugs and next-generation probiotics. There’s also a fascinating look at how the microbiome might act as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in future medicine. Finally, Max shares highlights from his book The Power of Hormones, which brings together history, science, and practical advice for anyone curious about how hormones and the microbiome shape our lives. This episode offers an insightful look at where cutting-edge science meets real-world potential—and why the microbiome could be the key to a healthier future. Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction to Professor Yan Yau and IBS 01:02 Understanding the Impact of IBS 02:19 Symptoms and Diagnosis of IBS 04:41 Physiological Causes of IBS 06:29 Severity and Psychological Impact of IBS 09:31 Potential Causes and Triggers of IBS 14:22 Current Treatments and Challenges 16:30 Future of IBS Treatments and Research 40:39 Clinical Trials and Patient Involvement 42:32 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

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• Overcoming Obstacles: Cory Greenberg's Journey from IBD Diagnosis to Cycling Inspiration

  In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr. James McIlroy sits down with Cory Greenberg, a professional cyclist and founder of Ride4IBD. Cory shares his inspiring journey from his initial diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) while training as a professional cyclist, to overcoming the challenges posed by the disease. The conversation covers his approach to gut health in the context of athletic performance, insights into training and lifestyle adjustments, and his efforts to raise awareness through Ride for IBD. Listeners will gain valuable insights into how Cory manages his condition, optimises his performance, and aims to inspire others facing similar challenges. Through his story, Cory emphasises the importance of creating a sustainable lifestyle and offers practical advice for those living with IBD or looking to improve their gut health. 00:00 Introduction to Cory Greenberg and Ride for IBD 01:09 Cory's Early Passion for Cycling 03:39 Development Programs and Training 11:15 Diagnosis and Struggles with IBD 15:46 Managing IBD and Returning to Cycling 20:04 Diet and Nutrition for Gut Health 37:00 Practical Tips for Gut Health 41:16 Debunking Social Media Health Myths 41:44 Personal Struggles with IBD 43:16 Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease 44:54 Cycling as a Platform for IBD Awareness 45:39 The Genesis of Ride for IBD 47:13 Building a Global IBD Awareness Movement 50:10 Innovative Approaches to IBD Management 55:20 The Future of IBD Advocacy and Support 59:42 Practical Health and Fitness Tips 01:13:32 Connecting with Ride for IBD

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