Medicine and Science from The BMJ

Last year, in July 2025, the independent review of the physician associate and anaesthesia associate roles, carried out by professor Gillian Leng, was published.

The review followed the contentious role out of PAs in the NHS - where their scope of practice differed across trusts, and GP practices, and concerns were raised about clinical safety.

Some of the key recommendations were around seeing undifferentiated patients, training needs, and supervision - and we spoke to Gill at the time, and the government accepted her proposals.

But questions remained about exactly how some of those recommendations might work.

Today, with the publication of a draft clinical protocol - and we clarify some of those questions.

The VAERS system in the US monitors adverse events following vaccines, but a new investigation on BMJ.com has found problems with the data mining systems used to spot patterns - and more worryingly, that the agencies involved were alerted about the issues, and didn’t take steps to fix the problem.

David Willman, Pulitzer Prize winning investigative journalist, joins us to explain what he found.

 

Also this week, while the UK parliament still seems divided on assisted dying, in Switzerland it has been allowed for over 80 years - making it an normalised part of medicine. New research has asked patients why they have decided to seek help in ending their lives, and analyses those motivations.  Two authors of this work, Claudia Gamond, a palliative care physician who leads the palliative and supportive care department at the University Hospital in Lausanne, and  Solenne Blanc, a PhD student in sociology, join us to explain what they found.

 

Reading list

US officials knew covid vaccine safety system was flawed—but turned aside the FDA doctor who alerted them

 

How patients explain and make sense of their decision for assisted suicide in Switzerland (the Exit Project): qualitative exploratory study

Something different for the podcast today: a live event. It’s the inaugural BMJ lecture, in partnership with the Academy of Medical Sciences and hosted at the historic Royal Academy of Arts.

We want to talk about the big issues facing healthcare professionals around the world - and we’re starting with one of the biggest: how do we make decisions in the face of real risk and genuine uncertainty?

Well, who better to talk through those big questions than the man who had to try to navigate those risks and uncertainties during the pandemic?

Chris Whitty is England’s Chief Medical Officer and Chief Medical Adviser to the UK Government, advising on all aspects of healthcare. He is also a professor of public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where he was director of their Malaria Centre.

In his lecture, Professor Whitty argues that medical training must better prepare doctors to manage risk, highlighting that "higher risk decisions, and accountability for these, have moved to later in training", causing a "substantial and sudden step up" in risk for new consultants. He acknowledges AI’s potential to speed up clinical diagnostics, but warns against public-facing AI tools that present diagnoses with false certainty while ignoring medical risk and uncertainty.

Read the related Opinion article: "We must be more systematic about risk holding throughout doctors’ careers"

This recording is available to view on YouTube.

Back in 2024, the BMJ revealed how more than half of the members of the UK government's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, had declared financial interests with food and drinks companies.

A tightening of the rules followed, but two years after our initial investigation, we have returned - and we found that nearly a third of nutrition advisors still have significant ties to the food industry.

Chris Van Tulleken, professor of infection and immunology at University College London, and author of the book “Ultra Processed People”, joins us to explain why he thinks ongoing industry ties are bad for the UK's health.

 

Also this week. We have tight regulation of medical tech in the UK, but new AI tools don’t fit neatly into that existing process - and so the government has set up a National Commission on the Regulation of AI in Healthcare, 

Alastair Denniston, and Henrietta Hughes, who headed that commission, join us to explain how AI should be monitored, how we can ensure it's safety, and who should be responsible when something goes wrong.

 

Reading list:

A third of UK government’s nutrition advisers are still paid by food industry, including Coca Cola and Nestlé

National Commission into the Regulation of AI in Healthcare: Recommendations for a future regulatory framework

The next few months might be an inflection point for GPs in England and Wales 

Our strong primary care system is often credited in the success of the NHS - But changes to how that system works are currently underway. Legislation is quietly proceeding through parliament that will reorganise the way in which local care is structured, and those changes are raising concerns for GPs.

To talk about how we build a stronger primary care system, and stronger NHS we're joined by:

Victoria Tzortziou Brown, president of the Royal College of General Practitioners

Sam Everington, a GP in East London, and a non-executive director of NHS England

Kamila Hawthorne, GP in South Wales, and chair of National Academy for Social Prescribing

We also take the opportunity to hear about where social prescribing fits into this new picture, and why our panel think it's important in changing the UK's health.

Reading list

Building a stronger NHS: an open letter from past and present presidents and chairs of the Royal College of General Practitioners